Ocular inflammatory diseases associated with rheumatoid arthritis.

The extra-articular complications of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) include ophthalmological manifestations, which can, in some cases, be the first signs of the disease. These inflammatory ophthalmological conditions include episcleritis, scleritis and peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK). RA is the leading cause of necrotizing scleritis and of PUK, which are the two most severe ocular conditions associated with the disease. These conditions can rapidly threaten ocular prognosis and are associated with excess mortality in patients with RA owing to their association with systemic vasculitis. Close collaboration between the ophthalmologist and the rheumatologist or internal medicine expert is required for the diagnosis and therapeutic management of these patients. In this Review, we provide an overview of ocular inflammatory diseases in patients with RA with particular focus on the diagnosis and current available therapies (including biologic agents) for these conditions. Furthermore, we propose a decision tree to assist clinicians in their choice of treatment for patients with RA who also have ocular inflammatory disease.