The social effects of musical and lyrical content.

Music is a central component of human experience and a pervasive form of cultural engagement across societies. This review synthesizes evidence on its prosocial and antisocial effects and underlying mechanisms. Across experimental, field, and longitudinal studies, music exposure is associated with both beneficial and detrimental interpersonal outcomes, including helping behavior, aggression, prosocial decision-making, and intergroup attitudes. Evidence indicates that exposure to relaxing, melancholic, or prosocially themed music is generally associated with increased empathy, cooperation, and prosocial responding, whereas exposure to aggressive or antisocial lyrical content is linked to heightened hostility, stronger aggressive cognitions, and reduced prosocial behavior. These effects appear to be driven primarily by semantic (lyrical) content, while musical features such as tempo, harmony, and emotional intensity may modulate or amplify these associations. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain these effects. Affective responses, including transient mood changes induced by music, represent a pathway influencing social behavior. In addition, empathic processes contribute to increased prosocial responding following prosocially themed music. Cognitive mechanisms, particularly those related to the accessibility and salience of lyrical content, shape attention, interpretation, and decision-making in a content-consistent manner. Overall, depending on musical and lyrical content, music can influence human social interaction in both positive and negative directions. Given the ubiquity of music consumption worldwide, even small effects may accumulate into meaningful societal-level consequences over time.