Integration of Lysin into Chitosan Nanoparticles for Improving Bacterial Biofilm Inhibition.

Bacterial biofilms (BBFs) exhibit high drug resistance, antiphagocytosis, and extremely strong adhesion, and therefore can cause various diseases. They are also one of the important causes of bacterial infections. Thus, the effective removal of BBFs has attracted considerable research interest. Endolysins, which are efficient antibacterial bioactive macromolecules, have recently been receiving increasing attention. In this study, we overcame the deficiencies of endolysins via immobilization on chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs) by preparing LysST-3-CS-NPs using the ionic cross-linking reaction between CS-NPs and LysST-3, an endolysin purified using phage ST-3 expression. The obtained LysST-3-CS-NPs were verified and thoroughly characterized, their antimicrobial activity was investigated using microscopy, and their antibacterial efficacy on polystyrene surfaces was studied. The results obtained suggested that LysST-3-CS-NPs exhibit enhanced bactericidal properties and increased stability and can serve as reliable biocontrol agents for the prevention and treatment of Salmonella biofilm infections.