Macrophages in Psoriasis: From Functional Heterogeneity to Metabolic Reprogramming and Novel Therapeutics.

This review provides a comprehensive overview of macrophage heterogeneity, polarisation dynamics, metabolic reprogramming and multicellular interactions of macrophages in psoriasis. We discuss how single-cell technologies have revealed diverse macrophage subsets and explore the metabolic profile of macrophages in psoriasis. Furthermore, we examine the central role of macrophages in intercellular networks with keratinocytes, T helper 17 (Th17) cells, neutrophils, fibroblasts and sensory neurons. Additionally, we summarise the novel signal way of macrophages and tissue injury by macrophages. Finally, we summarise emerging therapeutic strategies-including metabolic modulators, signalling pathway inhibitors, advanced delivery systems and cell-based therapies. By integrating recent insights from single-cell omics, spatial transcriptomics and metabolic studies, this review underscores the potential of macrophage-focused interventions for psoriasis treatment.