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Bright side of the dark genome: antigens for next-gen cancer vaccines.

The discovery of cancer's hidden antigen landscape-comprising non-canonical 'dark matter' antigens-has unveiled a vast, untapped reservoir o … come key limitations of neoantigen-focused immunotherapy and move toward more universally effective cancer vaccines.

From Design to Clinical Use: mRNA Vaccines for Infectious Diseases and Cancer.

mRNA vaccines represent a revolutionary advance in vaccinology, boasting advantages like rapid development, robust immunogenicity and flexible antigen design over traditional vaccines. This review systematically summarizes the core research progress of mRNA vaccines, including their structural composition with five functional elements and novel subtypes (linear mRNA, self-amplifying RNA, circular RNA) with unique biological characteristics and application value. It elaborates on the immune activation mechanism of mRNA vaccines, which mimic natural viral infection to trigger both innate and ada

Personalized precision: Revolutionizing cancer treatment with mRNA-based vaccines in melanoma therapy.

Biological and societal issues are involved when we refer to a condition as cancer, which connotes loss, complexity, and uncertainty. In recent decades, the number of melanomas has climbed. Cancer treatment vaccines have induced immune responses against tumor-associated but not tumor-specific antigens. Cancer therapy may use mRNA vaccines after COVID-19 pandemic regulation advancements. Therapy mRNA cancer vaccines as advanced immunotherapies gain prominence. Using messenger RNA, the mRNA-4157/V940 cancer vaccine encodes 34 patient-specific tumor euroantigens. mRNA-4157/V940, like the COVID-19…

Immunogenicity and safety of COVID-19 vaccines in patients with pancreatic cancer.

BACKGROUND: Patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are at increased risk for severe COVID-19. Although COVID-19 vaccines are highly recommended for this population, studies on immunogenicity are lacking. We aimed to investigate the immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines in PDAC patients, compared to controls. METHODS: This observational study evaluated SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific IgG (S-IgG) levels after priming and booster vaccination in PDAC patients. Primary outcomes were seroprevalence and S-IgG levels compared to matched controls. Secondary outcomes included safety and the asso

Низкая доза децитабин повышает эффективность вакцин против вирусного рака для иммунотерапии.

Раковая иммунная терапия требует специфического антитумора CD8+T иммунной реакции на клетку; однако при генетической и эпигенетической модификации антигенной обработки и представления компонентов раковые клетки уходят от распознавания CD8+T клеток. В результате, плохо иммуногенные опухоли переживают обычную иммунную терапию. В этом контексте использование вакцин против вирусного рака в сочетании с гипометилирующими агентами представляет собой многообещающую стратегию предотвращения того, чтобы рак не ускользал от признания иммунной системы. В этом исследовании мы провели оценку чувствительност

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Cancer immunotherapy requires a specific antitumor CD8+ T cell-driven immune response; however, upon genetic and epigenetic alterations of t … immunogenic tumors are refractory to conventional immunotherapy. In this context, the use of viral cancer vaccines in combination with hypomethylating agents represents a promising strategy to prevent cancer from escaping immune system recognition. In this study, we evaluated the sensitivity of melanoma (B16-expressing ovalbumin) and metastatic triple-negative b …

Tumor Vaccines: Unleashing the Power of the Immune System to Fight Cancer.

This comprehensive review delves into the rapidly evolving arena of cancer vaccines. Initially, we examine the intricate constitution of the tumor microenvironment (TME), a dynamic factor that significantly influences tumor heterogeneity. Current research trends focusing on harnessing the TME for effective tumor vaccine treatments are also discussed. We then provide a detailed overview of the current state of research concerning tumor immunity and the mechanisms of tumor vaccines, describing the complex immunological processes involved. Furthermore, we conduct an exhaustive analysis of the con…

Cancer Vaccines Based on Fluorine-Modified KH-1 Elicit Robust Immune Response.

KH-1 is a tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen (TACA), which serves as a valuable target of antitumor vaccines for cancer immunotherapies. However, most TACAs are thymus-independent antigens (TD-Ag), and they tend to induce immunological tolerance, leading to their low immunogenicity. To overcome these problems, some fluorinated derivatives of the KH-1 antigen were designed, synthesized, and conjugated to the carrier protein CRM197 to form glycoconjugates, which were used for immunological studies with Freund's adjuvant. The results showed that fluorine-modified N-acyl KH-1 conjugates can ind

Evolving Horizons: Adenovirus Vectors' Timeless Influence on Cancer, Gene Therapy and Vaccines.

Efficient and targeted delivery of a DNA payload is vital for developing safe gene therapy. Owing to the recent success of commercial oncolytic vector and multiple COVID-19 vaccines, adenovirus vectors are back in the spotlight. Adenovirus vectors can be used in gene therapy by altering the wild-type virus and making it replication-defective; specific viral genes can be removed and replaced with a segment that holds a therapeutic gene, and this vector can be used as delivery vehicle for tissue specific gene delivery. Modified conditionally replicative-oncolytic adenoviruses target tumors exclu

Utility of a Recombinant HSV-1 Vaccine Vector for Personalized Cancer Vaccines.

Current approaches to cancer immunotherapy include immune checkpoint inhibitors, cancer vaccines, and adoptive cellular therapy. These therapies have produced significant clinical success for specific cancers, but their efficacy has been limited. Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) has emerged as a promising immunotherapy for a variety of cancers. Furthermore, the unique characteristics of OVs make them a good choice for delivering tumor peptides/antigens to induce enhanced tumor-specific immune responses. The first oncolytic virus (OV) approved for human use is the attenuated herpes simplex virus typ…

A bottleneck-first evaluation of antigen delivery platforms for therapeutic cancer vaccines.

Therapeutic cancer vaccines require tumor-relevant antigens and delivery systems that preserve antigen integrity, control tissue and cellular exposure, support productive processing, and sustain antigen-specific immunity. Yet platform performance cannot be inferred from material properties, cellular uptake, or tumor control alone, because these endpoints do not identify which delivery step changed or whether that change contributed to an antigen-specific response. Seven material matrices and a separate carrier-free molecular assembly mode are evaluated across four functional domains. A carrier…

Recombinant adenoviruses application for cancer vaccines: from genetic design to clinical translation.

Cancer remains a major global health challenge, with conventional therapies often limited by toxicity and insufficient efficacy. Oncolytic virotherapy has emerged as a promising immunotherapeutic approach, utilizing genetically engineered viruses to selectively target and destroy cancer cells while stimulating anti-tumor immune responses. Among various oncolytic viruses, adenoviruses (HAdVs) have been extensively studied due to their ability to be genetically modified for enhanced tumor selectivity and immunogenicity. This review explores the mechanisms by which adenovirus vectors function as

Revolutionizing cancer treatment: The power of dendritic cell-based vaccines in immunotherapy.

In the modern time, cancer immunotherapies have increasingly become vital treatment options, joining long-established methods like surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy treatment. Central to this emerging approach are dendritic cells (DCs), which boast a remarkable ability for antigen presentation. This ability is being leveraged to modulate T and B cell immunity, offering a groundbreaking strategy for tackling cancer. However, the percentage of patients experiencing meaningful benefits from this treatment remains relatively low, underscoring the ongoing necessity for further research and de

RNA neoantigen vaccines prime long-lived CD8+ T cells in pancreatic cancer.

A fundamental challenge for cancer vaccines is to generate long-lived functional T cells that are specific for tumour antigens. Here we find that mRNA-lipoplex vaccines against somatic mutation-derived neoantigens may solve this challenge in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), a lethal cancer with few mutations. At an extended 3.2-year median follow-up from a phase 1 trial of surgery, atezolizumab (PD-L1 inhibitory antibody), autogene cevumeran1 (individualized neoantigen vaccine with backbone-optimized uridine mRNA-lipoplex nanoparticles) and modified (m) FOLFIRINOX (chemotherapy) in pat…

Rapid Hemostasis Tumor In Situ Hydrogel Vaccines for Colorectal Cancer Chemo-Immunotherapy.

Due to the high heterogeneity and the immunosuppressive microenvironment of tumors, most single antigen tumor vaccines often fail to elicit potent antitumor immune responses in clinical trials, resulting in unsatisfactory therapy effects. Hence, personalized tumor vaccines have become a promising modality for cancer immunotherapy. Here, we have developed a tumor in situ hydrogel vaccine (AH/DA-OR) capable of rapid hemostasis for personalized tumor immunotherapy, composed of dopamine-grafted hyaluronic acid (HA/DA) combined with sodium alginate (ALG), with coloaded oxaliplatin (OXA) and resiqui

Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 messenger RNA vaccines in patients with cancer.

Patients with cancer experience a higher burden of SARS-CoV-2 infection, disease severity, complications, and mortality, than the general population. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines are highly effective in the general population; however, few data are available on their efficacy in patients with cancer. Using a prospective cohort, we assessed the seroconversion rates and anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibody titers following the first and second dose of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with cancer in US and Europe from January to April 2021. Among 131 patients, most (94%) achie

Combining therapeutic vaccines with chemo- and immunotherapies in the treatment of cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Breakthroughs in cancer immunotherapy have spurred interest in the development of vaccines to mediate prophylactic protection and therapeutic efficacy against primary tumors or to prevent relapse. However, immunosuppressive mechanisms employed by cancer cells to generate effective resistance have hampered clinical translation of therapeutic cancer vaccines. To enhance vaccine efficacy, the immunomodulatory properties of cytoreductive therapies could amplify a cancer-specific immune response. AREAS COVERED: Herein, the authors discuss therapeutic cancer vaccines that harness whol…

Adenoviral vaccines promote protective tissue-resident memory T cell populations against cancer.

BACKGROUND: Adenoviral vectors emerged as important platforms for cancer immunotherapy. Vaccination with adenoviral vectors is promising in this respect, however, their specific mechanisms of action are not fully understood. Here, we assessed the development and maintenance of vaccine-induced tumor-specific CD8+ T cells elicited upon immunization with adenoviral vectors. METHODS: Adenoviral vaccine vectors encoding the full-length E7 protein from human papilloma virus (HPV) or the immunodominant epitope from E7 were generated, and mice were immunized intravenously with different quantities (1

Tumor lysate-based vaccines: on the road to immunotherapy for gallbladder cancer.

Immunotherapy based on checkpoint blockers has proven survival benefits in patients with melanoma and other malignancies. Nevertheless, a significant proportion of treated patients remains refractory, suggesting that in combination with active immunizations, such as cancer vaccines, they could be helpful to improve response rates. During the last decade, we have used dendritic cell (DC) based vaccines where DCs loaded with an allogeneic heat-conditioned melanoma cell lysate were tested in a series of clinical trials. In these studies, 60% of stage IV melanoma DC-treated patients showed immunol…

Exploiting the Immunogenic Potential of Cancer Cells for Improved Dendritic Cell Vaccines.

Cancer immunotherapy is currently the hottest topic in the oncology field, owing predominantly to the discovery of immune checkpoint blockers. These promising antibodies and their attractive combinatorial features have initiated the revival of other effective immunotherapies, such as dendritic cell (DC) vaccinations. Although DC-based immunotherapy can induce objective clinical and immunological responses in several tumor types, the immunogenic potential of this monotherapy is still considered suboptimal. Hence, focus should be directed on potentiating its immunogenicity by making step-by-step

Vaccines against human papillomavirus infections: protection against cancer, genital warts or both?

Since 2006, three vaccines against infections and disease caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) became available in Europe-in 2006 a quadrivalent HPV 6/11/16/18 vaccine, in 2007 a bivalent HPV 16/18 vaccine and in 2015 a nonavalent HPV 6/11/16/18/31/33/45/52/58 vaccine. HPV 16 and 18 are the most oncogenic HPV strains, causing about 70% of cervical and other HPV-related cancers, HPV 6 and 11 cause 85% of all genital warts. The additional types of the polyvalent vaccine account for about 20% of invasive cervical cancer and >35% of pre-cancer. The potential differences between these vaccines caus