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First recorded outbreak of yellow fever in Kenya, 1992-1993. II. Entomologic investigations.

The first recorded outbreak of yellow fever in Kenya occurred from mid-1992 through March 1993 in the south Kerio Valley, Rift Valley Province. We conducted entomologic studies in February-March 1993 to identify the likely vectors and determine the potential for transmission in the surrounding rural and urban areas. Mosquitoes were collected by landing capture and processed for virus isolation. Container surveys were conducted around human habitation. Transmission was mainly in woodland of varying density, at altitudes of 1,300-1,800 m. The abundance of Aedes africanus in this biotope, and two…

Field trial of combined yellow fever and measles vaccines among children in Nigeria.

The compared tolerance and immunogenecity of yellow fever and measles vaccines administered separately or combined were evaluated in Nigerian children aged between six to eight and nine to twelve months. The vaccines were well tolerated by both age groups of children, however pyrexia which responded to analgesic was the commonest post vaccination reaction in all the groups of the vaccinated children. Immune response to the vaccines either when given separately or combined was excellent in all the vaccinated groups. Antibody titre and seroconversion rate were always higher in the group that rec…

Complete nucleotide sequence of yellow fever virus vaccine strains 17DD and 17D-213.

The complete nucleotide sequence of the genome from two yellow fever (YF) virus vaccine strains, 17DD and 17D-213, has been determined. Comparison of these sequences with those of other YF viruses including the parental virulent Asibi strain allowed the identification of 48 nucleotide sequence differences which are common to all 17D substrains. This is a significant reduction from the 67 nucleotide changes originally reported as being 17D-specific and potentially related to viral attenuation. The 48 changes are scattered throughout the genome, 26 of which are silent and 22 led to amino acid su…

Quantitation of protein content by biuret method during production of Yellow Fever Vaccine.

Protein content of 60 batches of Yellow Fever Vaccine was measured by Biuret method and was compared to the values obtained by Kjeldahl method. Statistical analysis did not show any difference between the two methods. The Biuret method is specific, easy to carry out and takes little time for protein estimation during production of Yellow Fever Vaccine.

[Meningoencephalitis after vaccination against yellow fever with the 17 D strain: 2 cases].

The authors report two cases of meningoencephalitis consecutive to immunization with the 17 D yellow fever virus in adults. This complication is exceptional; the rare cases previously reported usually occurred in children. The meningoencephalitis had no particular clinical features; it was more severe in our second case but nevertheless followed a favourable course, as usually described in the literature. The pathogenesis of these central nervous system reactions is unclear. In our two cases the vaccine seems to have acted synergistically with another neurotropic virus (adenovirus in the first…

Arachidonic acid and prostaglandin E2 in Malpighian tubules of female yellow fever mosquitoes.

The fatty acid compositions of Malpighian tubules from adult females of the mosquito Aedes aegypti were determined for total lipids, phospholipids, triacylglycerols and three phospholipid fractions, namely phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylserine (PI/PS). The prostaglandin precursor arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) occurred in total lipids and phospholipids, but not triacylglycerols. Within phospholipids, nearly all of the 20:4n-6 was detected in PC, with only traces in PE, and none was detected in PI/PS. Isolated Malpighian tubules incorpor

Необузданное усиление нейровинулентности желтой лихорадки для мышей: изучение соответствующих механизмов.

С помощью французской нейротропической вакцины изучалось повышение нейровинулентности вируса желтой лихорадки для мышей с помощью конкретного антитела. Экспериментальные условия для улучшения состояния требовали мышей в возрасте от 14 до 40 дней и внутриперитонального управления выбранным моноклонным антителом в течение 24 часов до или до 72 часов после вызова внутрицеребрального вируса. Вирусная инфекционная титрация была схожей в мозгу мышей, обработанных антителами и не прошедших лечения. Вирус, извлеченный из мозга мышей с повышенными вирусными инфекциями, не отличался ни в качественном, н

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Enhancement of yellow fever virus neurovirulence for mice by specific antibody was studied with the French neurotropic vaccine strain. Experimental conditions for enhancement required mice between 14 and 40 days old and intraperitoneal administration of a selected monoclonal antibody 24 h before or up to 72 h after intracerebral virus challenge. Virus infect…

[Evaluation of thermostable yellow fever vaccine from the Pasteur Institute on international travellers].

The authors studied the tolerance and efficacy of the new stabilized 17D yellow fever vaccine produced by Pasteur Vaccins, on 50 international travellers at the University Hospital of Grenoble (France), comparing it with the standard 17D yellow fever vaccine. The short-term and long-term tolerance in all the travellers was excellent. The serological efficacy was estimated by seroneutralization assay with the vaccine virus Rockefeller 17D, which is the most sensitive and the most specific method. The seroconversion rate was 93.8%, the same as the rate obtained with the standard yellow fever vac…

Examination of the immunological relationships between flaviviruses using yellow fever virus monoclonal antibodies.

Monoclonal antibodies prepared against vaccine strains of yellow fever (YF) virus were initially characterized by fluorescence microscopy of Vero cells infected with YF virus strain 17D. When similarly tested against representatives of all flavivirus subgroups, the antibodies produced a wide spectrum of reactions ranging from the monospecific to the broadly cross-reactive; at least five antigenic domains in the YF virus envelope glycoprotein were identified. Monoclonal antibodies differentiated between YF virus vaccine strains (17D, 17DD, FNV), wild-type viruses and plaque variants selected fr…

Yellow fever monoclonal antibodies: type-specific and cross-reactive determinants identified by immunofluorescence.

Monoclonal antibodies directed against the envelope glycoprotein and the NV3 non-structural viral protein of yellow fever (YF) were tested by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique against a variety of YF virus strains and heterologous flaviviruses. Monoclonal antibodies directed against the envelope glycoprotein exhibited YF strain-specificity, YF type-specificity, broad group cross-reactivity, or limited subgroup reactivity (YF + Banzi or YF + Koutango + Zika + Usutu + Uganda S). Monoclonal antibodies directed against NV3 reacted either with YF + Koutango or with YF + Banzi. These findi…

An epidemic of yellow fever in Central Brazil, 1972-1973. II. Ecological studies.

Results of ecological studies undertaken during the 1972-1973 epidemic of yellow fever (YF) in Goiás State, Brazil, suggest that mosquitoes of the genus Haemagogus were the only vectors infected with YF virus. Nine isolations of the agent were made from 1,688 Haemagogus spp. caught within or near forests from 27 January to 3 March 1973. Seven of these isolations cane from mosquitoes collected on the forest floor. No YF virus isolation was made from 791 Haemagogus leucocelaenus or 1,096 Sabethes chloropterus. Haemagogus were caught both in and outside houses located 500 m from the forest, altho…

An epidemic of yellow fever in central Brazil. 1972-1973. I. Epidemiological studies.

An epidemic of jungle yellow fever occurred in Goiás State, Brazil, between December 1972 and March 1973. Laboratory confirmed cases were observed in 36 counties located in the central and southern parts of the State. Seventy-one cases were proved, of which 44 were fatal. The diagnosis was made on the basis of pathology, serology, and virus isolation. Besides yellow fever, malaria and viral hepatitis were present, and in two fatal cases there was malarial pigment in the liver in addition to the specific lesions associated with yellow fever virus infection. The fact that male patients strikingl…

Serum lactate dehydrogenase of normal, stressed, and yellow fever virus-infected rhesus monkeys.

Serum lactate dehydrogenase enzyme (sLDH) was studied in both healthy and yellow fever virus (YFV)-infected young adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). In healthy monkeys, significant variation (p less than 0.001) was observed for both total activity and isoenzyme distribution among the following comparisons: individual monkeys, different days, different times of day, and caged versus chair-restrained monkeys (until 7 da after chair restraint). However, variability of baseline values was reduced by the use of samples obtained from resting subjects at 9:00 am on at least 3 consecutive days. No…