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How we diagnose and manage refractory and resistant herpes simplex virus mucocutaneous infection after haematopoietic cell transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection is a clinically significant complication in haematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients. Refractory and resistant (R/R) HSV infections may occur in this patient population, particularly after prolonged exposure to anti-HSV agents. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of the diagnostic approach and the treatment options for R/R HSV mucocutaneous infections in HCT recipients and to highlight future treatment strategies. SOURCES: We searched the PubMed Central Database and Embase to identify published studies on R/R H…

Oral Herpes Simplex Virus Mimicking Tongue Squamous cell Carcinoma in Von Hippel-Lindau Patient: A Case Image.

We present the case of a 51-year-old man with Von Hippel-Lindau disease and a history of renal transplantation who developed a persistent, painful tongue lesion with episodes of significant swelling. Given his history of prolonged immunosuppression and elevated cancer risk, oral squamous cell carcinoma was a major concern. However, histopathological evaluation confirmed recrudescent herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection rather than malignancy. The lesion fully resolved with antiviral therapy. This case is notable for its presentation mimicking malignancy in a high-risk patient and highlights th…

Topical Losartan Treatment of Herpes Simplex Virus- or Varicella-Zoster Virus-Induced Corneal Scarring: A Case Series.

INTRODUCTION: Topical losartan has emerged as a promising therapeutic option for preventing and treating corneal scarring fibrosis. Its mech … This study presents 3 cases where topical losartan successfully treated corneal scarring induced by herpes simplex virus (HSV) or varicella-zoster virus (VZV) keratitis. CASE PRESENTATIONS: Three patients (ages 40, 38, 15 years) with corneal scarring and vision loss from HSV or VZV keratitis were treated with topical 0.8 mg/mL losartan 6 times a day for 4-9 mon …

Concurrent brain infection of herpes simplex virus and tuberculous meningitis complicated by tuberculous abscess: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Herpes simplex encephalitis is the most common form of encephalitis, while tuberculous meningitis is a rare condition accounting for less than 1% of all tuberculosis cases. Since the symptoms are similar in both diseases, differentiating between them is a clinical challenge, even after performing cerebrospinal fluid analysis, as the final diagnosis remains based on the specific investigations that were unusually positive for both diseases in our patient, which have not been reported previously, making this case the first in medical literature on this subject. CASE PRESENTATION: A …

Modified host defence peptide GF19 slows TNT-mediated spread of corneal herpes simplex virus serotype I infection.

Corneal HSV-1 infections are a leading cause of infectious blindness globally by triggering tissue damage due to the intense inflammation. HSV-1 infections are treated mainly with antiviral drugs that clear the infections but are inefficient as prophylactics. The body produces innate cationic host defence peptides (cHDP), such as the cathelicidin LL37. Various epithelia, including the corneal epithelium, express LL37. cHDPs can cause disintegration of pathogen membranes, stimulate chemokine production, and attract immune cells. Here, we selected GF17, a peptide containing the LL37 fragment wit

Individual herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) particles exit by exocytosis and accumulate at preferential egress sites.

The human pathogen herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) produces a lifelong infection in the majority of the world's population. While the generalities of alpha herpesvirus assembly and egress pathways are known, the precise molecular and spatiotemporal details remain unclear. In order to study this aspect of HSV-1 infection, we engineered a recombinant HSV-1 strain expressing a pH-sensitive reporter, gM-pHluorin. Using a variety of fluorescent microscopy modalities, we can detect individual virus particles undergoing intracellular transport and exocytosis at the plasma membrane. We show that partic…

Herpes simplex virus infection induces necroptosis of neurons and astrocytes in human fetal organotypic brain slice cultures.

BACKGROUND: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis (HSE) is a serious and potentially life-threatening disease, affecting both adults and newborns. Progress in understanding the virus and host factors involved in neonatal HSE has been hampered by the limitations of current brain models that do not fully recapitulate the tissue structure and cell composition of the developing human brain in health and disease. Here, we developed a human fetal organotypic brain slice culture (hfOBSC) model and determined its value in mimicking the HSE neuropathology in vitro. METHODS: Cell viability and tissue…

Neuronal expression of herpes simplex virus-1 VP16 protein induces pseudorabies virus escape from silencing and reactivation.

Alpha herpesvirus (α-HV) particles enter their hosts from mucosal surfaces and efficiently maintain fast transport in peripheral nervous sys … ial switch from productive to latent infection. Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated expression of herpes simplex-1 (HSV-1) VP16 alone in neuronal cell bodies enabled the escape from silencing of incoming pseudorabies virus (PRV) genomes. Furthermore, the expression of HSV VP16 alone reactivated a latent PRV infection in this system. Surprisingly, the expressio …

A rare case of herpes simplex virus encephalitis from viral reactivation following surgically treated traumatic brain injury.

OBJECTIVE: Herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSVE) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Here, we present the occurrence of HSVE in a 36-year-old immunocompetent patient following craniotomy for a traumatic acute subdural hematoma (ASDH). METHODS: Imaging after four days of progressive headache following a fall with head-strike demonstrated a 1 cm thick left holohemispheric ASDH with significant cerebral compression, edema, and 8 mm of left-to-right midline shift, and an emergent craniotomy and ASDH evacuation were performed, with additional treatment needed for reaccumulat…

Type 2 herpes simplex virus-induced anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis responsive to immunoglobulin monotherapy.

Herpes simplex virus-2 encephalitis (HSV2E) in immunocompetent adults is exceptionally rare, and the subsequent onset of autoimmune encephalitis after HSV2E is even less common. This report presents the inaugural Chinese case of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis (NMDARE) induced by HSV2E, confirmed via metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS). The patient demonstrated a favorable response to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) monotherapy. This case emphasizes the importance of considering autoimmune encephalitis in patients exhibiting new or recurrent neurological symptoms af…

Reactivation of Herpes Simplex Virus Following Sphenopalatine Ganglion Nerve Block: Case Report and Review of the Literature.

A 36-year-old woman with no significant past medical history underwent a sphenopalatine ganglion block for treatment of a month-long migraine headache refractory to conservative treatment protocols. The headache resolved initially, but 1 day following the procedure, the headache recurred. The patient also developed an erythematous and edematous rash which cultures confirmed to be herpes simplex virus (HSV). Following several unsuccessful treatment modalities, the patient received valacyclovir, which resulted in resolution of her headache. Underlying HSV-1 infection may cause intractable migrai…

Prevalence of herpes simplex virus 2 among MSM in Mainland China: a systematic review and meta-synthesis.

BACKGROUND: As one of the most prolific sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the world, Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 (HSV-2) is one of the primary causes of genital ulcers. In addition, HSV-2 infection multiplies the risk of acquiring HIV. Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at particularly high risk of contracting both diseases. Unfortunately, little information is available with regarding to the comprehensive prevalence of HSV-2 among MSM in mainland China. The objective of this manuscript was to determine the composite prevalence of HSV-2 among MSM in mainland China via systematic revie…

High accumulation of Mx2 renders limited multiplication of oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 in human tumor cells.

Increasing studies demonstrated that oncolytic activities of oHSV-1 are limited to the capacity of virus replicating in tumors. In order to potentiate the oHSV-1 oncolytic activity and expand the application of oHSV-1 treatment in multiple types of tumors, it is critical to explore the potential factors or mechanisms mediating tumor resistance to oHSV-1 infection. Here we evaluated the levels of oHSV-1 multiplication in various tumor cell lines and showed that glioblastoma cell line A172 had the lowest virus yields but intrinsically accumulated the highest levels of Mx2 protein. Subsequently w

Organoid modeling of Zika and herpes simplex virus 1 infections reveals virus-specific responses leading to microcephaly.

Viral infection in early pregnancy is a major cause of microcephaly. However, how distinct viruses impair human brain development remains poorly understood. Here we use human brain organoids to study the mechanisms underlying microcephaly caused by Zika virus (ZIKV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV-1). We find that both viruses efficiently replicate in brain organoids and attenuate their growth by causing cell death. However, transcriptional profiling reveals that ZIKV and HSV-1 elicit distinct cellular responses and that HSV-1 uniquely impairs neuroepithelial identity. Furthermore, we demonstrat…

Predisposing factors, microbiological features and outcomes of patients with clinical presumed concomitant microbial and herpes simplex keratitis.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: To describe the predisposing factors, pathogens and outcomes in patients with clinical presumed concomitant microbial and herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) at Sydney Eye Hospital, Australia over a 5-year period. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A retrospective case review was conducted. Patients with clinical presumed concomitant microbial and HSK from 2012 to 2016 were identified from pathology and hospital coding databases. Data were extracted from the medical records. VA was converted to the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR). 'Poor' outcome was defined as final VA …

Asymptomatic Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection Causes an Earlier Onset and More Severe Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an increasingly prevalent progressive autoimmune and debilitating chronic disease that involves the detrimental recognition of central nervous system (CNS) antigens by the immune system. Although significant progress has been made in the last decades on the biology of MS and the identification of novel therapies to treat its symptoms, the etiology of this disease remains unknown. However, recent studies have suggested that viral infections may contribute to disease onset. Interestingly, a potential association between herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection and…

Врожденное сигналирование и роль глянцевых клеток в герпесе Simpex Virus и Раби-Вирусе, вызывающем энцефалит.

Окружающая среда центральной нервной системы (СНС) представляет собой двойной меч в контексте вирусных инфекций. С одной стороны, инфекционный маршрут для вирусных патогенов ограничен за счет нейрозащитных барьеров; с другой стороны, вирусы получают выгоду от иммунологической нервной среды после проникновения в систему CNS. Как герпезный вирус simpex (HSV), так и вирус бешенства (RABV) обходят нейрозащитный барьер кровеносного мозга (BBB) и успешно попадают в паренхиму CNS через нервные окончания. Несмотря на различия в молекулярной природе обоих вирусов, каждый вирус использует ретроградный п

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
The environment of the central nervous system (CNS) represents a double-edged sword in the context of viral infections. On the one hand, the infectious route for viral pathogens is restricted via neuroprotective barriers; on the other hand, viruses benefit from the immunologically quiescent neural environment after CNS entry. Both the herpes simplex virus (H…

Strong association between herpes simplex virus-1 and chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in patients with hematologic malignancies.

Background/aimsA link between oral cavity infections and chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis (CIOM) in patients with hematological malignancies (HMs) undergoing intensive chemotherapy (IC) or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been suggested. However, conclusive data are lacking, and there are no current guidelines for the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to prevent CIOM in these populations.MethodsThe relationships between herpes simplex virus (HSV) reactivation and Candida colonization in the oral cavity and CIOM in patients with HMs undergoing IC or HSCT were evaluated. Pa…

Acute Kidney Injury During Treatment with Intravenous Acyclovir for Suspected or Confirmed Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infection.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology of and risk factors associated with acute kidney injury (AKI) during acyclovir treatment in neonates and infants. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a multicenter (n = 4), retrospective cohort study of all hospitalized infants age <60 days treated with intravenous acyclovir (≥1 dose) for suspected or confirmed neonatal herpes simplex virus disease from January 2011 to December 2015. Infants with serum creatinine measured both before acyclovir (baseline) and during treatment were included. We classified AKI based on changes in creatinine according to published n…