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Early-life lung injury and the developing brain: a lung-brain axis perspective on neurodevelopmental disorders.

Emerging evidence indicates that early-life lung injuries-including bronchopulmonary dysplasia, childhood asthma, recurrent respiratory infections, and environmental tobacco smoke exposure-are significantly associated with an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders such as cognitive impairment, autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and emotional or behavioral affections. The developing brain is particularly vulnerable during infancy and childhood, and pulmonary insults during this critical window may disrupt normal neurodevelopment through multiple intercon…

From Dysbiosis to Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption: The Metabolite-Mediated Gut-Brain Axis in Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not merely a central nervous system disorder; rather, it is a systemic condition profoundly influenced by the pe … nine pathway (KP) activity. These alterations not only reflect gut dysbiosis, but also impair blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and amplify neuroinflammation by modulating tight junction proteins and inflammatory signaling through their effects on receptors and transporters such as G protein-coupled receptors(GPR41/43), aryl hydrocarbon receptor(AhR), …

Establishing a Microfluidic Co-Culture Blood-Brain Barrier Model Using Human Brain Endothelial Cells and Astrocytes.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective physiological interface that regulates molecular transport between the bloodstream and the central nervous system. In vitro BBB models are valuable tools for studying endothelial barrier formation, cell-cell interactions, and responses to dynamic flow conditions. This protocol describes the establishment of a three-dimensional microfluidic co-culture BBB model using human brain endothelial cells and primary human astrocytes cultured in separate but interconnected compartments of a microfluidic chip. The protocol includes chip preparation, ext…

Sustainable next-generation prebiotics for brain health: microbiota-gut-brain axis in neurodegenerative and demyelinating diseases.

Neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis, are increasingly associated with disruption of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Common alterations include reduced beneficial microbial taxa, impaired short-chain fatty acid production, intestinal and blood-brain barrier dysfunction, and sustained inflammatory responses. These findings support the development of microbiota-targeted dietary interventions. This review summarizes current evidence on polyphenols, bioactive peptides, and pectin-d…

Deep Brain Stimulation Electrode Deviations are Associated With Brain Stiffness Interfaces Measured by Magnetic Resonance Elastography.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The efficacy of deep brain stimulation (DBS) relies on accurate electrode placement. Unfortunately, electrode deviation poses a persistent problem, with most electrodes demonstrating some degree of bending. Although such bending does not always result in target deviation, an estimated 3% to 8% of patients still require revision surgery to address suboptimal electrode placement. DBS electrode deviation may occur at mechanical tissue interfaces, with denser internal capsule (IC) fibers being the most likely factor. Based on basic principles of physics, we hypothesized …

Pulsatile Brain Motion as a Marker of Brain Aging and Dementia: Insights from 3D q-aMRI.

Heart-brain interactions, including cardiac-induced brain pulsatility, are thought to support brain homeostasis, yet their alteration with aging and neurodegeneration remains poorly understood. Here, we used three-dimensional quantitative amplified MRI (q-aMRI) to visualize and quantify cardiac-induced pulsatile brain motion across healthy individuals and those on the Alzheimer's and Lewy body disease spectra. Expert evaluations revealed consistent distinctions between normal and abnormal motion patterns, which were further characterized using strain-based biomechanical features. Principal com…

From Breath to Brain: NICU Respiratory Interventions and Bedside Brain Signal Entropy Predict Later Autism Risk.

Premature infants often experience hypoxia and require prolonged ventilation, which can trigger systemic inflammation, damage the developing brain, and increase the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Early intervention is key for ensuring optimal outcomes for those with ASD; thus emphasizing the critical importance of accurately identifying infants at risk as early as possible. Here, infants underwent electroencephalography during social (held) and nonsocial (not held) resting state conditions to assess brain signal variability, saliva collection to de…

Decoding the Gut-Brain Axis: A Journey toward Targeted Interventions for Disorders-of-Gut-Brain Interaction.

BACKGROUND: The gut-brain axis is a bidirectional communication pathway connecting the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. Disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI) manifest as highly prevalent gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or functional dyspepsia (FD). SUMMARY: The initial focus of DGBI research was on the effects of psychological stress on digestive functions like gastrointestinal motility, or secretion of gastric acid and pancreatic enzymes. Concepts related to DGBI have expanded in recent decades. Activation of mucosal or systemic immune functions has…

Advances in brain-targeted delivery strategies and natural product-mediated enhancement of blood-brain barrier permeability.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) represents a formidable challenge in the treatment of neurological disorders, as it restricts the passage of most therapeutic agents into the central nervous system (CNS). Research in brain-targeted delivery strategies and explore in natural products for BBB modulation have opened new avenues for effective CNS drug delivery. This review highlights the latest developments in molecular-based delivery systems, cell-based approaches, physical techniques, toxicity concerns, clinical trials and artificial intelligence (AI) -driven modeling for brain-targeted drug delive…

Proteome profile differences among human, monkey, and mouse brain microvessels and cultured brain microvascular endothelial cells.

BACKGROUND: The blood-brain barrier (BBB) expresses transporters, receptors, and tight junction proteins that regulate the exchange of substances between the blood and brain. The differences in the expression of these proteins in the BBB among different species and cultured BBB model cells should be clarified to interpret the BBB function in model animals and cells. This study aimed to elucidate species differences among humans, monkeys, and mice and in vitro-in vivo differences in the BBB proteome using deep proteomic analysis. METHODS: Brain microvessels (BMVs) were isolated from frozen cer…

Brain connectivity in individuals with migraine resets during the headache phase: a whole-brain connectivity study.

Episodic migraine is reflected by cyclic changes in behavior and cortical processing. We aimed to identify how functional connectivity changes over the entire migraine cycle. By using longitudinal neuroimaging and a whole-brain connectivity analysis approach, we tested 12 episodic migraine patients across 82 functional MRI recordings during spontaneous migraine headaches with follow-up measurements over the pain-free interval without any external stimulation. We found that the functional connectivity linearly increased over the interictal interval. In the prodromal phase, we observed the stron…

PACAP mitigates traumatic brain injury progression via ELF3/ZO-1 axis-mediated blood-brain barrier repair.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often leads to significant damage to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), contributing to the progression of neurological dysfunction and exacerbating inflammatory responses. BBB disruption is a critical factor in TBI pathology, as it facilitates neuroinflammation and edema, thereby worsening brain injury. For the first time, this study investigates the neuroprotective role of Human Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Peptide (PACAP) in mitigating the progression of TBI by addressing BBB dysfunction. Using a murine TBI model, the research demonstrates a significant re…

The CPEB ortholog Orb2 regulates brain size through the TRIM-NHL RNA-binding protein, Brain tumor.

Neurodevelopment requires precise translational control, the disruption of which is implicated in various neurological disorders, including developmental delays, intellectual disability, and microcephaly. We report a novel role for the Drosophila CPEB-family protein Orb2, a translational regulator, in controlling brain size in a dose dependent manner. Loss of orb2 results in larval brain hypotrophy, whereas orb2 overexpression causes brain overgrowth. We demonstrate that orb2 is required for neural stem cell development from embryonic stages through larval neurogenesis. Structure-function anal…

Human immunodeficiency virus accelerates brain aging and disrupts the trajectory of glymphatic clearance in aging brain.

INTRODUCTION: Existing evidence indicates that HIV enters the nervous system in the early days of infection. However, the involvement of HIV in the pathogenesis of key biological aspects of the brain, such as glymphatic clearance and brain aging, and its role in explaining complex phenomena like motoric and executive dysfunction, remains unrecognized. METHODS: Herein, we recruited 145 subjects to study the brain aging using brain-predicted age differences (brain-PADs) and investigate how HIV affects the typical trajectory of glymphatic clearance in aging brain. The assessment of glymphatic cl…

Brain and body: Early decision making and outcomes for multiply injured patients with penetrating brain injury.

INTRODUCTION: For patients presenting with gunshots to the head and injuries to the neck or torso, head computed tomography (CT) provides essential information for prognosticating and managing brain injury but may delay hemorrhage (HRH) control. We hypothesized that use of preoperative head CT would be common, and clinicians would prioritize neuroimaging over prompt HRH control in patients with multiple penetrating injuries at high risk for HRH. METHODS: Using a statewide trauma database to identify patients who sustained gunshot wounds (2017-2021) with both penetrating brain injury and penet…

Brain AMPK signaling improves intestinal barrier function through brain orexin and the vagal pathway in rats.

Leaky gut, an increased intestinal permeability, has been described in many diseases. We have recently demonstrated that neuropeptides such as orexin in the brain improved leaky gut, suggesting that the brain is involved in maintaining intestinal barrier function. It has been suggested that AMPK in the hypothalamus play a role in food intake. Because the hypothalamus is involved in the regulation of not only feeding behavior but also gut function, the present study was performed to clarify a hypothesis that AMPK in the brain regulate gut barrier function. Colonic permeability was determined by…

Qualitative Analysis of Symptoms from the Central Thalamic Deep Brain Stimulation Trial for Traumatic Brain Injury.

BackgroundStudies of moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) report persistent clinical impairment post-injury. In the CENTURY-S study of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in chronic TBI, Schiff et al.'s paper, "Thalamic deep brain stimulation in traumatic brain injury: a phase 1, randomized feasibility study" demonstrated improvements in executive control. A companion narrative analysis by Fins et al., "Subject and Family Perspectives from the Central Thalamic Deep Brain Stimulation Trial for Traumatic Brain Injury" Parts I and II described improvements in cognitive, behavioral, and emotio…

Картирование мозжечного мозга в случае задержек с проведением: следующий шаг для личностных моделей мозга в многоразовом склерозе.

Множественный склероз (MS) — клинически неоднородное, многофакторное аутоиммунное расстройство, затрагивающее центральную нервную систему. Структурные повреждения миелинской оболочки, приводящие к замедлению скорости проведения, являются ключевым патофизиологическим механизмом. На самом деле, скорость проведения тесно связана с степенью миэлизации, при этом более толстые миелиновые оболочки связаны с более высокой скоростью проведения. Однако не известно, как интенсивность структурных повреждений миелина ведет к замедлению течения нервной системы. В этой работе мы используем крупномасштабные м

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a clinically heterogeneous, multifactorial autoimmune disorder affecting the central nervous system. Structural d … lin translates to slowing of nerve conduction delays is not known. In this work, we use large-scale brain models and Bayesian model inversion to estimate how myelin lesions translate to longer conduction delays across the damaged tracts. A cohort of 38 subjects (20 healthy and 18 with MS) underwent MEG recordings during an eyes-closed resting-state cond …

Effect of Increasing Blood Pressure on Brain Tissue Oxygenation in Adults After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.

OBJECTIVES: To examine if increasing blood pressure improves brain tissue oxygenation (PbtO 2 ) in adults with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). DESIGN: Retrospective review of prospectively collected data. SETTING: Level-I trauma center teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Included patients greater than or equal to 18 years of age and with severe (admission Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] score < 9) TBI who had advanced neuromonitoring (intracranial blood pressure [ICP], PbtO 2 , and cerebral autoregulation testing). INTERVENTIONS: The exposure was mean arterial pressure (MAP) augmentation with a vas…

Exploring cognitive functions and brain structure in Hereditary Transthyretin amyloidosis using brain MRI and neuropsychological assessment.

BACKGROUND: Central nervous system symptoms, such as cognitive dysfunction, have been reported in Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis (ATTRv). However, there is a lack of neuroimaging studies investigating structural alterations in the brain related to cognition in ATTRv amyloidosis. This study aimed to investigate cognition and cortical morphology in a cohort of ATTRv patients. METHODS: 29 ATTRv patients and 26 healthy controls completed neuropsychological assessment. 21 of these patients underwent 3T brain MRI, and 23 healthy subjects constituted the control group for MRI. Cortical measure…