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The role of set-shifting in auditory verbal hallucinations.

BACKGROUND: Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) are a cardinal characteristic of psychosis. Recent research on the neuropsychological mechanism of AVHs has focused on source monitoring failure, but a few studies have suggested the involvement of attention, working memory, processing speed, verbal learning, memory, and executive functions. In this study we examined the neuropsychological profile of patients with AVHs, assuming that the mechanism underlying this symptom could be a dysfunction of specific cognitive domains. METHODS: A large neuropsychological battery including set-shifting, wo…

Memory Recognition Performance in Women Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence: An fMRI Study.

This study aimed to investigate differences in verbal episodic memory and brain functioning during a word recognition task in women who have … between intimate partner violence and memory tasks, such that survivors show poorer performance in verbal learning and increased brain deactivation during this task. More research is needed to understand the implications of these findings on daily living, such as levels of fatigue and efficacy in completing tasks in which verbal memory is necessary (such as reme …

Revisiting bilingual processing: insights from L1 transfer in L2 acquisition.

MacWhinney's (1992) Competition Model proposes that L2 learners do not start from scratch but instead build on pre-existing L1 phonological, lexical, and syntactic representations. This approach eases the learning process yet leaves enduring traces from L1 transfer in the bilinguals' L2 lexicon, which may influence adult language processing. In this paper, we review psycholinguistic findings on bilingual comprehension and production and propose that many effects traditionally seen as evidence of on-line cross-language activation might instead reflect the long-term impact of L1 transfer during

The Use of Phonological and Semantic Strategies in Written Word Learning Among Chinese Children With Dyslexia.

The present study investigated the phonological and semantic aspects of written word learning among children with dyslexia, taking into account their use of phonetic and semantic cues embedded in words. Fifty-three Mandarin-speaking fifth graders were taught the pronunciations and meanings of 24 Chinese single-character pseudowords (children with dyslexia: n = 27; age-matched peers: n = 26). The regularity of phonetic cues and the transparency of semantic cues embedded in the characters were experimentally manipulated. Children's learning outcomes in orthography-to-pronunciation associations (

Orthographic Facilitation of Oral Vocabulary Acquisition in Children With Hearing Loss.

Purpose Learning spoken words can be challenging for children with hearing loss who communicate orally and who are known to have weaker oral vocabulary skills than age-matched children who hear. Since vocabulary skills play a crucial role in reading and literacy acquisition, and academic success, it is important to identify effective vocabulary acquisition strategies for children with hearing loss. The aim of this study was to examine whether the incidental presence of orthography can facilitate oral vocabulary learning in children with hearing loss and whether the benefits are greater than th

Central auditory processing deficits in schizophrenia: Effects of auditory-based cognitive training.

BACKGROUND: Sensory processing abnormalities are common in schizophrenia (SZ) and impact everyday functions, such as speech perception in noisy environments. Auditory-based targeted cognitive training (TCT) is a "bottom up" cognitive remediation intervention designed to enhance the speed and accuracy of low-level auditory information processing. However, the effects of TCT on behavioral measures of central auditory processing (CAP) and the role of CAP function on verbal learning outcomes in SZ are unknown. METHODS: SZ (n = 42) and healthy subjects (CTL; n = 18) underwent comprehensive clinica…

Language learning and innateness: some implications of Compounds Research.

In noun compounds in English, the modifying noun may be singular (mouse-eater) or an irregularly inflected plural (mice-eater), but regularly inflected plurals are dispreferred (*rats-eater). This phenomenon has been taken as strong evidence for dual-mechanism theories of lexical representations, which hold that regular (rule-governed) and irregular (exception) items are generated by qualitatively different and innately specified mechanisms. Using corpus analyses, behavioral studies, and computational modeling, we show that the rule-versus-exceptions approach makes a number of incorrect predic

Neuropsychological tests associated with symptomatic HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) in a cohort of older adults in Tanzania.

OBJECTIVE: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) prevalence is expected to increase in East Africa as … f HAND by Frascati criteria based on clinical evaluation and collateral history. RESULTS: Tests of verbal learning and memory, categorical verbal fluency, visual memory, and visuoconstruction had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve >0.7 for symptomatic HAND (s-HAND) (0.70-0.72; p < 0.001 for all tests). Tests of visual memory, verbal learni …

Paired associate learning deficits in poor readers: The contribution of phonological input and output processes.

It is well-established that poor readers exhibit deficits in paired associate learning (PAL), and there is increasing evidence for a phonological locus of these deficits. However, it remains unclear whether poor performance stems from difficulties specific to the phonological output system or difficulties that affect both phonological input and output processes. Understanding these deficits is important not only in the context of PAL but also for informing broader theories of typical and atypical reading development. We developed a novel paradigm that allowed us to assess PAL in the presence a

Paradoxical effect of cumulative stress exposure on information processing speed in Hispanics/Latinos with elevated heart rate variability.

Chronic stress has a deleterious effect on prefrontal lobe functioning. Empirical evidence suggests elevated vagal tone, indexed by elevated heart rate variability (HRV), mitigates the effect of mental stress on frontal lobe function. Here, the mitigating effect of HRV on stress-related decrements in cognitive performance is assessed based on information processing speed (DSST), word fluency and verbal learning task performance. Artifact free electrocardiogram (ECG) data was analyzed from 1420 Hispanic/Latino adults from the Sociocultural Ancillary of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study …

Dyslexia screening measures and bilingualism.

A series of measures used in a number of dyslexia screening tests was administered to groups of 7-8-year old English monolinguals and Sylheti/English bilinguals. Within these groups a subgroup of children was distinguished by poor spelling and reading in the absence of general ability, sensory, emotional or behavioural problems, i.e. specific literacy difficulties (SpLD). General ability (assessed by Raven's matrices), chronological age, male/female ratio and mono/bilingualism were controlled between SpLD and control groups. Screening measures assessed phonological skills, rapid naming, the ab

Late life depressive symptoms and cognitive function among older Mexican adults: the past and the present.

Objective: To evaluate associations between depression and individual cognitive domains and how changes in depressive symptoms relate to cognition three years later in the context of Mexico, a developing country experiencing rapid aging.Method: Data comes from the 2012 and 2015 waves of the Mexican Health and Aging Study (n = 12,898, age 50+). Depression is ascertained using a modified Center for Epidemiologic Studies - Depression Scale. Cognition is assessed using verbal learning, verbal memory, visual scanning, verbal fluency, visuospatial ability, visual memory, and orientation tasks. Depre…

Serum level of venlafaxine is associated with better memory in psychotic disorders.

Cognitive impairment is a core feature of psychosis spectrum disorders. Antipsychotics have at best small positive effects on cognitive perf … nia spectrum disorders (N=113), and analyzed in relation to neuropsychological tests performance of verbal learning, verbal memory, attention, working memory, executive functioning and processing speed. Analyses were performed using linear regression adjusting for a range of confounders. There was a significant positive association between the serum level of venl …

Relationship between serum homocysteine, folate and vitamin B12 levels and cognitive function in patients with drug-naive obsessive-compulsive disorder.

The study aimed to investigate the correlation between Homocysteine (HCY), folate and vitamin B12 (VB12) levels and cognitive function in pa … effects model 4 analyses showed that HCY levels mediated the relationship between Y-BCOS scores and verbal learning ability (median effect value: -0.43, 95% CI [-0.58 ~ -0.28]). Folate levels also mediated the relationship between Y-BOCS scores and verbal learning ability (median effect value: -0.11,95% CI: [-0.21 ~-0.03]). HCY levels were positively correlated w …

Modeling Verbal Behavior Deficits with the Stimulus Control Ratio Equation, SCoRE.

Verbal operant analyses are the extension of functional analysis technology to the field of verbal behavior, of particular relevance to autism spectrum disorders and associated developmental disabilities. Similarly, a verbal operant analysis carefully controls specific environmental factors that influence language, and measures strength of responding across four verbal operant classes: tact, mand, echoic, and sequelic. The frequency of each independent verbal operant is then measured against one another using the stimulus control ratio equation (SCoRE) to summarize the relative strength of the

Comparison of executive function in idiopathic generalized epilepsy versus temporal lobe epilepsy.

Executive function (EF) deficits are common in epilepsy and impact quality of life. This study compares EF in idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) and temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients to healthy controls. Fifty-six IGE patients, 56 TLE patients, and 60 controls (matched by age) completed cognitive tests assessing attention, memory, learning, and verbal fluency. Both epilepsy groups performed worse than controls, with TLE patients showing significantly poorer verbal learning and memory compared to IGE patients. These findings suggest that TLE patients have more severe EF impairments, like…

Episodic Memory in Amnestic Behavioral Frontotemporal Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease.

Behavioral frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) may present with episodic memory deficits. In 38 patients with bvFTD and 61 with Alzheimer's disease (AD) specific measures of verbal memory (learning curves and serial position effects) were studied through the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning test. Forty-two percent of bvFTD showed deficits of delayed recall memory similar to that found in AD including the serial position effects. Amnestic bvFTD had more severe atrophy in the left mesial temporal lobe than non-amnestic bvFTD. AD-like memory deficits are not infrequent in bvFTD and may be in part related…

Выборочные связи между когнитивной практикой и реактивной адаптацией в множестве склерозов.

ЦЕЛЬ: Когнитивные и балансовые нарушения характерны для множественных склерозов (МС). Эффекты на практике могут отражать нейропластичность и прогнозировать реабилитацию. В ходе этого исследования были изучены когнитивные последствия и их связь с реактивной адаптацией баланса в НР. МЕТОДЫ: Twenty-seven люди, имеющие MS и 17 Нейротипичные взрослые 2 базовые когнитивные оценки по сравнению с 2 недель, за которыми следует a 2-week Программа профессиональной подготовки по вопросам сбалансированности на основе транстурбации 6 - прогрессивные сессии. Вертикальная скорость обучения и обработки была оц

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
OBJECTIVE: Cognitive and balance impairments are common in multiple sclerosis (MS). Practice effects may reflect neuroplasticity and predict … eeks, followed by a 2-week perturbation-based balance training program over 6 progressive sessions. Verbal learning and processing speed were assessed using the California Verbal Learning Test-II (CVLT-II) and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test. Reactive balance was evaluated using backward margin of stability, step latency, and step length, pre-, post-, and 2 mont …

Instructional modeling and the development of visual- and verbal-mediation skills by TMR children.

A study-recall paired-associate (PA) learning task administered to 40 TMR children under one of four instructional-modeling conditions: imagery, verbal mediation, imagery and verbal mediation, and a control condition. On one-half of the PA-learning study trials, the children were provided modeled mediating responses (connective pictures and/or sentences) and on the other trials no model was provided. The children's use of mediating responses on study trials was evaluated as was their recall performance. Each instructional-modeling condition resulted in more effective mediator use and better re