Результаты поиска

Вентральный контроль за быстрым движением глаз спит и атония.

Дискретные популяции нейронов на различных уровнях мозговой постели контролируют быстрое движение глаз (REM) сон и связанную с этим потерю мышечного тона, или атонии. Конкретный вклад этих популяций клеток мозга в контроль за сном КГРН по-прежнему не до конца изучен. Здесь мы показываем крысам, что вирусные векторные повреждения желудочковой мышцы на уровне rostral до низшей оливки (PSOM) вызвали сильные миоклонические трюки и аномальные электромиографические шипы, но не полную потерю тонической атонии во время сна РЕМ. У этих же животных был нетронутый тон двигателя во время сна без КГРН (NRE

[Recent fractures of the humeral shaft in adults. Role of surgical treatment using screwed plates. Apropos of 35 cases surgically treated].

Chronic pain disorders are often associated with negative emotions, including anxiety and depression. The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) has emerged as an integrative hub for nociceptive and affective components during central pain development. Prior adverse injuries are precipitating factors thought to transform nociceptors into a primed state for chronic pain. However, the cellular basis underlying the primed state and the subsequent development of chronic pain remains unknown. Here, we investigated the cellular and synaptic alterations of the CeA in a mouse model of chronic muscle pa

Spinal cord stimulation attenuates itch-like behavior and dermatitis: Contribution of a spinal inhibitory neuronal ensemble and associated reductions in GRPR and sympathetic signaling.

BACKGROUND: Chronic inflammatory itch is sustained by reciprocal interactions among pruriceptive circuits, scratching-induced skin injury, immune-cell infiltration, and autonomic neuroimmune signaling. Spinal cord stimulation is known to reshape dorsal horn sensory processing, but whether it modulates neuroimmune inflammation during dermatitis-associated itch remains unclear. METHODS: Using acute pruritogen-evoked itch and DNFB-induced chronic dermatitis models in mice, we examined the effects of low- and high-frequency spinal cord stimulation (LF- and HF-SCS) on itch-like behavior, skin infl

Functional modulation of retrotrapezoid neurons drives fentanyl-induced respiratory depression.

The primary cause of death from opioid overdose is opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD), characterized by severe suppression of respiratory rate, destabilized breathing patterns, hypercapnia, and heightened risk of apnea. The retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN), a critical chemosensitive brainstem region in the rostral ventrolateral medullary reticular formation, contains Phox2b+/neuromedin-B (Nmb) propriobulbar neurons. These neurons, stimulated by CO2/H+, regulate breathing to prevent respiratory acidosis. Since the RTN shows limited expression of opioid receptors, we expected that opioid-i

Descending serotonergic modulation from rostral ventromedial medulla to spinal trigeminal nucleus is involved in experimental occlusal interference-induced chronic orofacial hyperalgesia.

BACKGROUND: Dental treatment associated with unadaptable occlusal alteration can cause chronic primary myofascial orofacial pain. The serotonin (5-HT) pathway from the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) exerts descending modulation on nociceptive transmission in the spinal trigeminal nucleus (Sp5) and facilitates chronic pain. The aim of this study was to investigate whether descending 5-HT modulation from the RVM to the Sp5 is involved in the maintenance of primary myofascial orofacial hyperalgesia after persistent experimental occlusal interference (PEOI) or after delayed removal of experime

Impact of Acute and Persistent Excitation of Prelimbic Pyramidal Neurons on Motor Activity and Trace Fear Learning.

Drug-induced neuroadaptations in the mPFC have been implicated in addictive behaviors. Repeated cocaine exposure has been shown to increase pyramidal neuron excitability in the prelimbic (PL) region of the mouse mPFC, an adaptation attributable to a suppression of G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ (GIRK) channel activity. After establishing that this neuroadaptation is not seen in adjacent GABA neurons, we used viral GIRK channel ablation and complementary chemogenetic approaches to selectively enhance PL pyramidal neuron excitability in adult mice, to evaluate the impact of this form of

Reward prediction is encoded by orexin neuron activity during motivated behavior.

Orexin neurons regulate physiological functions, such as energy homeostasis, wakefulness, and motivated behaviors. However, studies linking orexin neuron activity to behavior via selectively activating/inactivating these inputs in a temporally controlled manner in rats are scarce. Here, we examined the role that orexin neurons play in motivated behavior in transgenic rats using cell type-specific fiber photometry and optogenetic manipulation. Using chemogenetics, we found that motivation for a reward increased when orexin neurons were activated. Furthermore, during motivated behavior, orexin n…

Эндоканнабиноидная система: фармакологические цели и терапевтический потенциал при расстройствах CNS.

Эндоканнабиноидная система (ЭКС) влияет на широкий спектр функций мозга, включая синаптическую трансмиссию, нейропластичность, эмоции и иммунное регулирование в центральной нервной системе, при этом рецепторы CB1 и CB2 средоточат различные нейрофизиологические и патофизиологические результаты. Таким образом, растущий интерес к его терапевтическому потенциалу побудил к проведению обширных исследований по вопросу о том, каким образом каннабиноидные рецепторы способствуют патофизиологии неврологических и психических расстройств, в частности CB1 и CB2. В этом обзоре были учтены результаты исследов

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) influences a wide range of brain functions, including synaptic transmission, neuroplasticity, emotion, and … vances in receptor pharmacology and experimental technologies, including cryo-EM, optogenetics, and chemogenetics. Although ECS-targeted therapeutics hold considerable promise, some key challenges remain in establishing safe and effective dosing protocols and integrating these approaches into clinical frameworks. This review has provided an updated perspective …

A unified circuit for social behavior.

Recent advances in circuit manipulation technologies have enabled the association of distinct neural circuits with complex social behaviors. The brain areas identified through historical anatomical characterizations as mediators of sexual and parental behaviors can now be functionally linked to adult social behaviors within a unified circuit. In vivo electrophysiology, optogenetics and chemogenetics have been used to follow the processing of social sensory stimuli from perception by the olfactory system to valence detection by the amygdala and mesolimbic dopamine system to integration by the c…

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone neurons of different hypothalamic nuclei increase energy expenditure.

Several neuronal populations in the hypothalamus and brainstem express thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). While TRH neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) regulate the thyroid axis, the roles of other TRH-producing neurons remain largely unknown. Here we investigate the role of TRH neurons in the PVN, the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), the medial preoptic area (MPA), and the rostral raphe pallidus (RPa) for metabolism in mice. Selective activation of these populations using chemogenetics in mice revealed that TRH neurons of the hypothalamus increase food intake and influence energy ho…

Elevated activity of the mesolimbic dopamine system promotes feeding during pregnancy in mice.

The pregnancy period is accompanied by increased feeding behavior to accommodate the elevated energy demands associated with fetal growth and development. However, the underlying neural circuitry and molecular mechanisms mediating increased feeding during pregnancy are largely unknown. Here, we utilized a combination of fiber photometry, chemogenetics, and mouse behavioral assays to characterize altered feeding behavior during pregnancy in mice. We uncover that pregnancy increases the average activity of the mesolimbic dopamine system during feeding behavior in mice. VTA dopamine neurons promo…

Extinction blunts paraventricular thalamic contributions to heroin relapse.

Here, we use optogenetics and chemogenetics to investigate the contribution of the paraventricular thalamus (PVT) to nucleus accumbens (NAc) pathway in aversion and heroin relapse in two different heroin self-administration models in rats. In one model, rats undergo forced abstinence in the home cage prior to relapse testing, and in the other, they undergo extinction training, a procedure that is likened to cognitive behavioral therapy. We find that the PVT→NAc pathway is both sufficient and necessary to drive aversion and heroin seeking after abstinence, but not extinction. The ability of ext…

Neural activity promotes long-distance, target-specific regeneration of adult retinal axons.

Axons in the mammalian CNS fail to regenerate after injury. Here we show that if the activity of mouse retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is increased by visual stimulation or using chemogenetics, their axons regenerate. We also show that if enhancement of neural activity is combined with elevation of the cell-growth-promoting pathway involving mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), RGC axons regenerate long distances and re-innervate the brain. Analysis of genetically labeled RGCs revealed that this regrowth can be target specific: RGC axons navigated back to their correct visual targets and avoide…

The role of the thalamic paraventricular nucleus-prelimbic cortex pathway in diabetes-associated mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia.

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a chronic complication resulting from diabetes that leads to pain and sensory abnormalities, significantly impacting the quality of life for affected patients. This study aims to investigate the role of glutamatergic neurons in the paraventricular thalamus (PVT) and the prelimbic cortex (PrL) in diabetes-induced nociceptive hypersensitivity. We established a diabetic mouse model through a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) and employed fiber photometry, optogenetics, and chemogenetics to examine the responses of glutamatergic neuron…

Mimicking opioid analgesia in cortical pain circuits.

The anterior cingulate cortex is a key brain region involved in the affective and motivational dimensions of pain, but how opioid analgesics modulate this cortical circuit remains unclear1. Uncovering how opioids alter nociceptive neural dynamics to produce pain relief is essential for developing safer and more targeted treatments for chronic pain. Here we show that a population of cingulate neurons encodes spontaneous pain-related behaviours and is selectively modulated by morphine. Using deep learning behavioural analyses combined with longitudinal neural recordings in mice, we identified a

Characterization and application of hyperthermia-evoked seizures in a mouse model of focal cortical dysplasia.

Rodent models of drug-resistant epilepsy are widely used to uncover mechanisms of seizures and to test the efficacy of treatments; however, the stochastic and relatively infrequent nature of spontaneous seizures in these models makes it challenging to observe and manipulate peri-ictal activity, and to rapidly screen therapeutics. As fever has been identified as a clinical seizure trigger, we investigated the ability of induced hyperthermia to trigger seizures in a mouse model of focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), a common cause of drug-resistant epilepsy. Experimental mice were generated via in u

Extended amygdala corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons regulate sexually dimorphic changes in pair bond formation following social defeat in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster).

The neurobiological mechanisms underlying the connection between anxiety brought on by social stressors and the negative impact on relationship formation have remained elusive. In order to address this question, we used the social defeat model in the socially monogamous prairie vole to investigate the impact of this stress on pair bond formation. Social defeat experience inhibited partner preference formation in males but promoted preference in females. Furthermore, pair bonding increased corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) expression in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) in male

Phox2a in Lateral Spinal Nucleus Tac1-Positive Neurons Mediates Histamine-Independent Acute Itch.

AIMS: While acute itch comprises histamine-dependent and -independent subtypes, critical mechanisms underlying histamine-independent itch remain poorly understood. This study investigates the role of paired-like homeobox 2a (Phox2a) in tachykinin 1-positive (Tac1+) neurons of the lateral spinal nucleus (LSN) as a novel target for histamine-independent pruritus intervention. METHODS: We combined chemogenetic manipulation (viral-mediated neuronal activation/inhibition), whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, immunohistochemistry, fluorescence in situ hybridization, Western blotting, and behavioral

Synthetic modulation of brain-wide anesthesia-activated neural ensembles using a transgenic mouse system.

Anesthetics are commonly used to produce unconsciousness, but the neural substrates of unconsciousness remain poorly understood. Here we test the hypothesis that general anesthesia works by targeting discrete cell types and neural circuits distributed brain-wide, rather than non-specific binding, using a mouse transgenic system. We take advantage of a mouse that expresses chemogenetic designer receptors exclusively activated by a designer drug (DREADDs) in an inducible Cre-dependent manner driven by Fos immediate early gene expression. Since Fos expression peaks with metabolic activity, we use

Dexmedetomidine accelerates photoentrainment and affects sleep structure through the activation of SCNVIP neurons.

Dexmedetomidine (DexM), a highly selective α2-adrenoceptor agonist, significantly reduces postoperative adverse effects, including sleep and circadian rhythm disruptions. Vasoactive intestinal peptide neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCNVIP) regulate the synchronization of circadian rhythms with the external environment in mammals. We investigate the effects of DexM on sleep and circadian rhythms, as well as the underlying mechanisms. Using electrophysiological and chemogenetic methods, along with locomotor activity and electroencephalogram/electromyogram recordings, we found that DexM