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HIV coinfection with hepatitis C virus: evolving epidemiology and treatment paradigms.

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has become a major threat to the survival of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons in areas where antiretroviral therapy is available. In coinfection, viral eradication has been difficult to attain, and HCV therapy is underused. Novel therapies may be particularly beneficial for this population, yet studies lag behind those for HCV monoinfection. Increasingly, incident HCV among HIV-infected men who have sex with men is associated with sexual risk behavior further research should be performed to refine understanding of the causal mechanis…

Chlamydial infection increases gonococcal colonization in a novel murine coinfection model.

Genital tract infections caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis serovars D to K occur at high incidence in many areas of the world. Despite high rates of coinfection with these pathogens, investigations of host-parasite interactions have focused on each pathogen individually. We describe here a coinfection model in which female BALB/c mice were first infected with the mouse Chlamydia species C. muridarum and then inoculated with N. gonorrhoeae following treatment with water-soluble 17β-estradiol to promote long-term gonococcal infection. Viable gonococci and chlamydiae were …

HIV-tuberculosis coinfection in Southern California: evaluating disparities in disease burden.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to understand tuberculosis (TB) and HIV coinfection trends in San Diego County, California, and to identify associations between sociodemographic risk factors and TB and HIV coinfection. METHODS: We analyzed TB surveillance data from 1993 through 2007. TB cases were grouped by HIV status: positive, negative, or unknown. We used Poisson regression to estimate trends and tested associations between TB and HIV coinfection and sociodemographic risk factors with polychotomous logistic regression. RESULTS: Of 5172 TB cases, 8.8% were also infected with HIV. Incidence of coinf…

HIV-related liver disease: ARV drugs, coinfection, and other risk factors.

Highly-active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has proven remarkably effective for prolonging the life of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, while most HAART agents are safe, many have the potential to cause liver toxicity. Physicians must therefore consider the possibility of drug-induced liver injury in the management of HIV-infected patients, especially those with certain risk factors such as coinfection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV), female gender, alcohol abuse, older age, or obesity. Understanding how, when, and why drug-related liver damag…

Tuberculous meningoencephalomyelitis and coinfection with HTLV-I + HTLV-II: case report.

HTLV-I and HTLV-II are endemic in some areas of Brazil, where an associated disease, HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) have been diagnosed in significant number of infected individuals. Tuberculosis has been demonstrated among those individuals, with higher prevalence than in the general population, suggesting that there is an increased risk for this comorbidity. We report the case of an individual coinfected with HTLV-I and HTLV-II, suffering from an insidious meningoencephalomyelitis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The patient was a 44 years old man su

Molecular detection of transfusion transmitted virus coinfection with some hepatotropic viruses.

CONTEXT: A novel human DNA virus was isolated from the serum of a patient with posttransfusion hepatitis; it was named transfusion transmitted virus (TTV). OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the influence of TTV (detected by polymerase chain reaction amplification of a conserved region of the viral genome) coinfection in individuals infected with hepatitis viruses (A, B, and C) and to investigate the putative role played by TTV in hepatic dysfunction in individuals with acute non-A-E hepatitis. DESIGN: Sixty-two patients with viral hepatitis were included in the study in addition to 18 blood donors. Vi…

HIV type 1 and cytomegalovirus coinfection in the female genital tract.

The relationship between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 and human cytomegalovirus (CMV) was studied in blood, saliva, and cervico … ain of CMV was detected in specimens from 2 patients. These results suggest mechanisms by which CMV coinfection could affect HIV-1 disease progression.

Pathogen coinfections in wild and farmed salmonids: A systematic review.

Coinfections have been reported in a wide range of organisms, including wild and farmed salmon and trout. However, the effects of coinfections on host resistance to pathogens remain poorly understood. A primary pathogen can modulate the host's immune response to subsequent infections, either by suppressing or priming the immune system. However, in some cases, pathogens may compete within the same host, potentially reducing or neutralizing the severity and impact of the disease. This systematic review examines the impacts of coinfections on farmed and wild salmonids, synthesizing evidence from …

Обнаружение вируса Мпокс в Биле: дело с множественными совпадениями.

Мы сообщаем об обнаружении вируса обезболивающего (MPXV) нуклеиновой кислоты в желчь от пациента, не имеющего сыпни, с продвинутым ВИЧ и множественными подражателями. В связи с этим случаем возникает вероятность того, что нуклеиновая кислота MPXV может быть обнаружена в желчь и, насколько нам известно, представляет собой первое обнаружение нуклеиновой кислоты MPXV в желчь человека. Клиническое значение этого наблюдения требует дальнейшего изучения.

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
We report the detection of Monkeypox virus (MPXV) nucleic acid in bile from a rash-free patient with advanced HIV and multiple coinfections. This case raises the possibility that MPXV nucleic acid may be detectable in bile and represents, to our knowledge, the first reported detection of MPXV nucleic acid in human bile. The clinical significance of this obse…

Sexually transmitted coinfections in patients with a new episode of syphilis.

OBJECTIVES: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a major public health problem with an increasing trend worldwide. Syphilis is often associated with other STIs. We measured the STI coinfection rate in a sample of patients presenting with syphilis. METHODS: In a prospective interventional study, patients attending the STI clinic in Brescia, Italy, with a new diagnosis of syphilis were systematically tested for Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae at genital, anal, and oral sites using molecular methods. Serological markers for HIV, hepatitis B virus, an…

Inflammatory Patterns Associated with Legionella in HIV and Pneumonia Coinfections.

Legionella infections have a propensity for occurring in HIV-infected individuals, with immunosuppressed individuals tending to present with … using real-time PCR and bead-based technology, respectively. To determine the effect of Legionella coinfection on clinical outcome, a patient database was consulted, comparing laboratory results and outcomes between Legionella-positive and -negative individuals. Principal component analysis revealed higher plasma concentrations of eotaxin, IP-10 and MCP-1 (p …

Distinct cytokine profiles in malaria coinfections: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Few data exist on the distinct cytokine profiles of individuals with malaria coinfections and other diseases. This study focuses on data collation of distinct cytokine profiles between individuals with malaria coinfections and monoinfections to provide evidence for further diagnostic or prognostic studies. METHODS: We searched five medical databases, including Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed, Ovid, and Scopus, for articles on cytokines in malaria coinfections published from January 1, 1983 to May 3, 2022, after which the distinct cytokine patterns between malaria coinfection and monoinfec…

Opening a can of worms: a test of the coinfection facilitation hypothesis.

Parasitic infections are a global occurrence and impact the health of many species. Coinfections, where two or more species of parasite are present in a host, are a common phenomenon across species. Coinfecting parasites can interact directly, or indirectly via their manipulation of (and susceptibility to) the immune system of their shared host. Helminths, such as the cestode Schistocephalus solidus , are well known to suppress immunity of their host (threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus ), potentially facilitating other parasite species. Yet, hosts can evolve a more robust immune re…

Modeling Syphilis and HIV Coinfection: A Case Study in the USA.

Syphilis and HIV infections form a dangerous combination. In this paper, we propose an epidemic model of HIV-syphilis coinfection. The model always has a unique disease-free equilibrium, which is stable when both reproduction numbers of syphilis and HIV are less than 1. If the reproduction number of syphilis (HIV) is greater than 1, there exists a unique boundary equilibrium of syphilis (HIV), which is locally stable if the invasion number of HIV (syphilis) is less than 1. Coexistence equilibrium exists and is stable when all reproduction numbers and invasion numbers are greater than 1. Using …

Epidemiology of coinfection with tuberculosis and HIV in Japan, 2012-2020.

This report examines the characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients with tuberculosis (TB) who are coinfected with HIV in Japan. Act … alth nurses who complete TB case interviews and ensuring ongoing monitoring of patients with TB/HIV coinfection are recommended.

Modification of EBV-Associated Pathologies and Immune Control by Coinfections.

The oncogenic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) persistently infects more than 95% of the human adult population. Even so it can readily transform human B cells after infection in vitro, it only rarely causes tumors in patients. A substantial proportion of the 1% of all human cancers that are associated with EBV occurs during coinfections, including those with the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and the also oncogenic and closely EBV-related Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). In this review, I will discuss how these infections interact with EBV…

Strongyloides stercoralis and cytomegalovirus coinfection in a patient with a transplanted kidney.

Cytomegalovirus is a major opportunistic infection after transplantation with significant morbidity and mortality for solid organ transplant recipients. Unrecognized infection with Strongyloides stercoralis may result in significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. Coinfection with multiple pathogens is possible, leading to diagnostic delays, and may make treatment more challenging. We report a case of coinfection with S. stercoralis and cytomegalovirus in a kidney transplant patient that resulted in pneumonitis, gastritis, and cholecystitis.