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Sexual behaviour among adolescents living with the human immunodeficiency virus in Zimbabwe: educational implications.

The incidence of HIV infection is increasing among adolescents in Zimbabwe. This rise in incidence is partly due to risky sexual behaviours yet there are no published research studies on sexual behaviours of HIV-positive adolescents in Zimbabwe. Hence, this study, which examined the sexual behaviours of HIV-positive adolescents. This study utilised a cross-sectional design with a conveniently selected sample of 341 HIV-positive adolescents. Data were collected through a questionnaire. Data were analysed using descriptive and analytical statistics. The study revealed that approximately 37 (11%)…

Заболеваемость туберкулезом, устойчивым к лекарственным препаратам, в Зимбабве: перекрестное обследование медицинских учреждений.

ЦЕЛЬ: Определить распространенность сопротивляемости только рифамицину; рифампицину и изониазиду, а также лекарственные средства для борьбы с туберкулезом второй линии среди пациентов Зимбабве, страдающих от мазковой мазки. DESIGN: Межсекторальное обследование медицинских учреждений. Результаты: В общей сложности было зарегистрировано 1114 (87,6%) новых и 158 (12,4%) пациентов, проходящих реабилитацию туберкулеза. МТБ был подтвержден Xpert MTB/RIF из 1184 (93%) образцов слюны с положительным мазком. Было 64 образца с резистентностью к рифамину, определенной Xpert MTB/RIF. Однако двое из них бы

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of resistance to rifampicin alone; rifampicin and isoniazid, and second-line anti-TB drugs among sputum smear-positive tuberculosis patients in Zimbabwe. DESIGN: A health facility-based cross-sectional survey. RESULTS: In total, 1114 (87.6%) new and 158 (12.4%) retreatment TB patients were enrolled. MTB was confirmed …

Knowledge of HIV-related disabilities and challenges in accessing care: Qualitative research from Zimbabwe.

INTRODUCTION: While the rapid expansion in antiretroviral therapy access in low and middle income countries has resulted in dramatic decline … METHODS: In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten stakeholders based in Harare, Zimbabwe, who were working in the fields of either disability or HIV. Stakeholders were identified through a priori stakeholder analysis. Thematic Analysis, complemented by constant comparison as described in Grounded Theory, was used to analyse findings. R …

Rubella outbreak investigation, Gokwe North District, Midlands province, Zimbabwe, 2014 - a case control study.

INTRODUCTION: Rubella is a contagious disease, caused by rubella virus and transmitted via the respiratory route. Rubella in pregnancy may cause Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS), characterized by multiple defects to the brain, heart, eyes and ears. Gokwe North experienced an increase in rubella cases from 6 cases (24 June 2014) to 374 cases (12 August 2014). The study was conducted to determine risk factors associated with contracting rubella. METHODS: A 1:1 unmatched case control study was conducted. A case was a child <15 years, resided in Gokwe North, with maculopapular rash and tested po

From affected to infected? Orphanhood and HIV risk among female adolescents in urban Zimbabwe.

BACKGROUND: Despite the 15 million children orphaned by AIDS, and fears of sexual vulnerability, little is known about the link between orph … e a regular sexual partner. Experience of forced sex was high in all groups. CONCLUSIONS: In urban Zimbabwe, female adolescent orphans are at increased risk of HIV and HSV-2 infection. Infection rates vary by type and age of orphanhood, and marital status, and are associated with high-risk sexual behaviours.

HIV-associated orphanhood and children's psychosocial distress: theoretical framework tested with data from Zimbabwe.

OBJECTIVES: We measured the psychosocial effect of orphanhood in a sub-Saharan African population and evaluated a new framework for understanding the causes and consequences of psychosocial distress among orphans and other vulnerable children. METHODS: The framework was evaluated using data from 5321 children aged 12 to 17 years who were interviewed in a 2004 national survey in Zimbabwe. We constructed a measure of psychosocial distress using principle components analysis. We used regression analyses to obtain standardized parameter estimates of psychosocial distress and odds ratios of early …

Provider attitudes toward IUD provision in Zimbabwe: perception of HIV risk and training implications.

This study was conducted to assess providers' attitudes toward the provision of long-term methods of contraception, in particular the IUD, and provider concerns about human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the context of family planning (FP) services. The data were collected using self-administered structured questionnaires. Between 65% and 80% of the public and private providers thought that the IUD is a good contraceptive method for Zimbabwean women. In addition, the majority of these two provider groups felt that neither the IUD nor tubal sterilization (TL) posed much risk of HIV infection t…

Rapid and simple hepatitis assays: encouraging results from a blood donor population in Zimbabwe.

A rapid assay to detect antibodies to hepatitis C virus (HCV) in serum and two rapid/simple assays to detect hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in whole blood/serum were evaluated for their accuracy and suitability at the National Blood Transfusion Service, Harare, Zimbabwe. For this purpose, a total of 206 sera (196 routinely collected and 10 frozen) were tested using the HCV-SPOT (Genelabs Diagnostics), the SimpliRED HBsAg test (AGEN), and the Dipstick-HBsAg (PATH/Immuno-Chemical Laboratories). The results were compared with those obtained using a routine HBsAg enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (Aus…

Haemolytic uraemic syndrome following Shigella dysenteriae type 1 outbreak in Zimbabwe: a clinical experience.

Shigella dysenteriae type 1 related dysentery outbreak in Zimbabwe at the end of 1992 has been associated with an increase in the frequency of haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). In order to document this new clinical experience a retrospective study was undertaken to document clinical and laboratory features, treatment and outcome of children with HUS. During the period January 1993 to June 1994, 96 children with HUS were seen at the referral hospitals in Harare. Severe and prolonged anaemia was a common feature and 80 pc of the children were given blood transfusions. Severe anaemia (HB < 6g/d…

Triplet pregnancy: a 10-year review of 105 cases at Harare Maternity Hospital, Zimbabwe.

During the 10-year period, 1975-1984, 105 triplet pregnancies were delivered at Harare Maternity Hospital, Zimbabwe, among 286,338 pregnancies in the Greater Harare Unit, giving an incidence of triplets of 1:2,727. The mean gestational age at delivery was 32.5 wk with 81 women (77.1%) delivering before 37 wk. Primigravidas delivered at a significantly earlier mean gestational age (P less than 0.05) and had a higher perinatal mortality (P less than 0.001) compared with grand multigravidas. Of the 315 babies, 277 (87.9%) weighed less than 2500 g. The overall perinatal mortality rate was 327%, wi…

Trends in the incidence of cancers of the breast and female genital tract in Harare, Zimbabwe 1990-2019.

Trends in age standardised incidence rates (ASRs) in the black (African) female population of Harare are reported for five cancers-of the breast and genital tract (cervix and corpus uteri, ovary and vulva) over a 30-year period. The incidence of cervix cancer is very high (ASR of 73.7 per 105) and has increased at a rate of 1% annually over the period, although remaining stable in the most recent 15 years; the increase involves mainly women born between 1950 and 1970. Breast cancer rates are less than half those of cervix, but the increase has been more dramatic-3% annually-although this seems

Stakeholder perceptions of a workplace-based screening programme for artisanal and small-scale miners in Zimbabwe.

BACKGROUND: Artisanal and small-scale miners (ASMs) experience high prevalence of disease, notably tuberculosis (TB), human immunodeficieny virus (HIV), silicosis, sexually transmitted infections, substance misuse, and mercury and cyanide toxicity. Despite this, targeted healthcare interventions are limited. AIMS: To explore the perceptions of ASMs and their leaders/representatives in relation to a 5-year targeted health screening intervention for ASMs in Zimbabwe. Screening included TB, HIV and silicosis. Insights were also gathered from healthcare staff, academics and national stakeholders …

Optimization of Case Finding and Preventive Treatment Among Household Contacts of People with Tuberculosis in Zimbabwe.

Systematic screening of household contacts (HHCs) of people with tuberculosis (TB) and starting them on either TB treatment or tuberculosis preventive treatment (TPT) reduces TB incidence. This project supported HHC management in six health facilities in Zimbabwe through the provision of CXR services, reimbursement of transport costs for HHCs, and provision of fuel and refreshments for healthcare workers involved in contact tracing. We describe TB and TPT cascades among the HHCs of index patients with all forms of TB. We enrolled 251 index patients who listed 794 HHCs: 551 (69%) HHCs of 158 in…

Exploring differences in HIV stigma and treatment interruptions between young and older adults in Zimbabwe.

INTRODUCTION: HIV stigma negatively impacts antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence in adults, but this relationship remains underexplored within the context of early adulthood. We examined manifestations of stigma and their associations with ART interruptions among young (18-24 years) and older (25 + years) people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Zimbabwe. METHODS: This analysis utilized cross-sectional data from the 2021 PLHIV Stigma Index 2.0, implemented by the Zimbabwe National Network of PLHIV in partnership with Global Network of People Living with HIV, The International Community of Women Li…

The impact of HIV infection on skeletal maturity in peripubertal children in Zimbabwe: a cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: HIV infection and its treatment compromises skeletal development (growth and maturation). Skeletal maturity is assessed as bon … e and sex, were recruited from HIV clinics and local schools in the same catchment area, in Harare, Zimbabwe. BA was assessed from non-dominant hand-wrist radiographs using the Tanner Whitehouse 3 method. Negative SMD values correspond to delayed development, i.e., BA younger than CA. Multivariable linear regression models determined factors associated wit …

Fracture prevalence and its association with bone density among children living with HIV in Zimbabwe.

OBJECTIVES: HIV infection impairs bone density in children living with HIV (CLWH). We aimed to determine the prevalence of self-reported fracture (past or current), associated risk factors and disability, by HIV status in Zimbabwean children. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: We recruited CLWH aged 8-16 years taking antiretroviral therapy (ART) for ≥2 years from HIV clinics, and HIV-uninfected children from schools in Harare. Interviewer-administered questionnaires collected data on fracture site and management, sociodemographics, dietary calcium and vitamin D, physical activity and HI…

Bovine brucellosis and tuberculosis at a livestock-wildlife interface in Zimbabwe: A nexus for amplification of a zoonosis or a myth?

BACKGROUND: Bovine brucellosis and tuberculosis are important zoonoses affecting both livestock and wildlife. OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to investigate seroprevalence of brucellosis and to isolate Brucella spp. and Mycobacterium bovis in cattle from livestock-wildlife interface areas. METHODS: Three sites were selected from high, medium and low interface. The high interface was adjacent to the park and separated by a broken fence, while the medium and low interface were 15-20 and 50 km from the perimeter fence, respectively. Cattle aged ≥2 years were randomly selected and bled for serology.

Highly drug resistant clone of Salmonella Kentucky ST198 in clinical infections and poultry in Zimbabwe.

A highly multidrug-resistant strain of Salmonella enterica serotype Kentucky (S. Kentucky) of sequence type (ST)198 emerged in North Africa and has since spread widely. To investigate the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of S. Kentucky in Zimbabwe and identify potential sources of infection, the whole-genome sequence of 37 S. Kentucky strains isolated from human clinical infections and from poultry farms between 2017 and 2020 was determined. Of 37 S. Kentucky isolates, 36 were ST198 and one was ST152. All ST198 isolates had between six and fifteen antimicrobial resistance (AMR) …

Inappropriate Antibiotic Use in Zimbabwe in the COVID-19 Era: A Perfect Recipe for Antimicrobial Resistance.

The global COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in an upsurge in antimicrobial use. The increase in use is multifactorial, and is particularly rel … al to increase incidences of antimicrobial resistance, especially in low-resource countries such as Zimbabwe already grappling with multidrug-resistant micro-organism strains. By adopting the antimicrobial stewardship principles of the correct prescription and optimised use of antimicrobials, as well as diagnostic stewardship, revamping regulatory oversigh …

Risk factors for postdischarge mortality following hospitalization for severe acute malnutrition in Zimbabwe and Zambia.

BACKGROUND: Children discharged from hospital following management of complicated severe acute malnutrition (SAM) have a high risk of mortality, especially HIV-positive children. Few studies have examined mortality in the antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. OBJECTIVES: Our objectives were to ascertain 52-wk mortality in children discharged from hospital for management of complicated SAM, and to identify independent predictors of mortality. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted in children enrolled from 3 hospitals in Zambia and Zimbabwe between July 2016 and March 2018. The primary…