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[Both neurogenic and vascular causes of primary headache].

The cerebral circulation is innervated by sympathetic, parasympathetic and sensory nerves which store a number of neurotransmitters. The significance of these for primary headache has been evaluated. A clear association between head pain and the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) was demonstrated. In cluster headache and in chronic paroxysmal hemicrania, there was additionally a release of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in association with facial symptoms (nasal congestion, rhinorrhea). Upon treatment with sumatriptan, head pain subsided and neuropeptide release normalized.…

Knockdown of miR-19a suppresses gastrointestinal dysmotility diarrhea after TBI by regulating VIP expression.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the main cause of death and can lead to a variety of physiological complications, including gastrointestinal dysfunction. The present study aimed to confirm the miR-19a-mediated suppression of diarrhea after TBI through the regulation of VIP expression. METHODS: A rat model of TBI induced by controlled cortical injury was used to observe gastrointestinal morphology by opening the abdomen after TBI. After 72 h of injury, the fecal water content of the rats was measured. The end ileal segments were removed, and HE staining was used to observe

Картирование всего мозга вводимых на большие расстояния ингибиционных нейронов VIP в основной моторной коре.

Первичная моторная кора (МОп) является важным местом для обучения моторным навыкам. Интересно, что нейроны в MOp обладают деятельностью, связанной с вознаграждением, что, предположительно, облегчает обучение автомобилям на основе вознаграждения. В то время как пирамидальные нейроны (НН) и различные подтипы ГАБАэргических ингибиционных интерневралов (ИН) в МОП подвергаются специфическим пластиковым изменениям по типу клеток во время обучения моторным двигателям, вазоактивные кишечные пептидные ингибиторы (ВИП-ИН) в МОП, как было продемонстрировано, в первую очередь реагируют на вознаграждение и

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
The primary motor cortex (MOp) is an important site for motor skill learning. Interestingly, neurons in MOp possess reward-related activity, … interneurons (INs) in MOp all undergo cell-type specific plastic changes during motor learning, the vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing inhibitory interneurons (VIP-INs) in MOp have been shown to preferentially respond to reward and play a critical role in the early phases of motor learning by triggering local circuit plasticity. To understand how VIP-INs might integrate …

[Neuroimmunomodulation in allergic rhinitis].

The role of neuroimmunomodulation in allergic diseases is a research hotspot in recent years. Allergic rhinitis（AR） is caused by overactive … ne and norepinephrine） and neuropeptides（including calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide） that directly act on immune cells to drive allergic inflammation. Neuro-immune signaling may play a significant role in the pathophysiology of AR. Therefore, a better understanding of these cellular and molecular neuro-immune interactions may inspi …

Trimebutine: mechanism of action, effects on gastrointestinal function and clinical results.

The actions of trimebutine [3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid 2-(dimethylamino)-2-phenylbutylester] on the gastrointestinal tract are mediated via (i) an agonist effect on peripheral mu, kappa and delta opiate receptors and (ii) release of gastrointestinal peptides such as motilin and modulation of the release of other peptides, including vasoactive intestinal peptide, gastrin and glucagon. Trimebutine accelerates gastric emptying, induces premature phase III of the migrating motor complex in the intestine and modulates the contractile activity of the colon. Recently, trimebutine has also been show…

Distribution and quantitation of immunoreactive gut neuropeptides in piebald mice and their normal littermates.

Piebald mice inherit congenital megacolon associated with distal aganglionosis. To study the distribution of intrinsic peptidergic nerves in the gut of piebald mice and their normal littermates, we used specific radioimmunoassays to measure the tissue concentrations of the following immunoreactive neuropeptides: vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), peptide histidine-isoleucine (PHI), [Met]enkephalin (Enk), substance P (SP), and bombesin-like intestinal peptide (BLIP). In the normal littermates, all neuropeptide concentrations were significantly greater in the colon than in the proximal gut. SP…

Distribution of VIP mRNA and two distinct VIP binding sites in the developing rat brain: relation to ontogenic events.

The peptide neurotransmitter vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has neurotrophic properties and influences neurobehavioral development. To assess the role of VIP during neural ontogeny, the present work traces the development of VIP mRNA with in situ hybridization and VIP receptors with in vitro autoradiography in rat central nervous system (CNS) from embryonic day 14 (E14) to the adult. VIP mRNA was not evident in the CNS until birth. Postnatally, it was expressed in several distinct brain regions, but its distribution bore little relation to that of VIP receptors. VIP receptors were present…

Pathophysiology of primary headaches.

The cerebral circulation is innervated by sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory nerves, which store a considerable number of neurotransmitters. The role of these has been evaluated in primary headaches. A clear association between head pain and the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide was demonstrated. In cluster headache and in a case of chronic paroxysmal headache there was in addition the release of vasoactive intestinal peptide, which was associated with the facial symptoms (nasal congestion, rhinorrhea). In parallel with sumatriptan treatment, head pain subsided and neuropeptide…

Elevation of cyclic GMP levels in the rat pineal gland induced by nitric oxide.

The present paper reports that nitric oxide (NO) released by sodium nitroprusside (SNP) is a potent activator of rat pineal cyclic GMP production without affecting cyclic AMP synthesis. Other drugs such as isoproterenol, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and peptide histidine isoleucine were ineffective in stimulating cyclic GMP production, but activated cyclic AMP production. However, L-arginine, the physiological precursor of NO, did not activate either cyclic GMP or NO synthesis. Because L-arginine failed to activate cyclic GMP production, results suggest that NO is not produced in the pineal …

Covalent cross-linking of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide to its receptors on intact human lymphoblasts.

125I-labeled vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (125I-VIP) was covalently cross-linked with its binding sites on intact cultured human lymphoblasts by each of three bifunctional reagents: disuccinimidyl suberate (DSS), ethylene glycol bis(succinimidyl succinate) (EGS), and N-succinimidyl 6-(4'-azido-2'-nitrophenylamino) hexanoate (SANAH). A fourth cross-linking agent with a shorter chain length, N-hydroxysuccinimidyl 4-azidobenzoate (HSAB), was much less effective in cross-linking 125I-VIP to the site. Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography dem

[Trigeminal-related peptides and mammalian intraocular muscles].

Effects of substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on bovine intraocular muscle tissues were studied, using isolated strips. While SP generally contracted the iris sphincter, exogenous application of SP did relax the iris sphincter muscle when its tone was highly developed. SP had no significant influence on the bovine dilator, and VIP lowered the tone of the iris muscles. The ciliary muscle tone was not altered by these peptides, but the electrically evoked response of the ciliary muscle was enhanced in the presence of VIP. These results suggest possible different roles of th…

Effects of various neuropeptides on the secretion of proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides by a cultured pituitary adenoma causing Nelson's syndrome.

To clarify whether various neuropeptides found in the hypothalamus act directly on a pituitary adenoma causing Nelson's syndrome, we examined the influence of these peptides on the secretion of immunoreactive ACTH, beta-endorphin, and melanotropins, the proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptides, by the cultured pituitary adenoma from a patient with Nelson's syndrome. Results showed that somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-28 suppressed the secretion of POMC-derived peptides by the adenoma and that somatostatin-28 was as potent as somatostatin-14. Other neuropeptides such as arginine vasopressin

Is the reduction of VIP the clue to the pathophysiology of Hirschsprung's disease?

The reduction of vasoactive intestinal peptide-(VIP) containing nerve fibres in the aganglionic segment in Hirschsprung's disease is thought to contribute to the sustained contraction of this intestinal segment. In order to study the significance of VIP in the pathogenesis of Hirschsprung's disease we used immunohistochemistry to evaluate the reduction of VIP-immunoreactive nerve fibres in aganglionic intestine compared to the ganglionic one. The VIP nerve fiber density was compared with the type of onset of disease (e.g. neonatal ileus or obstipation) and with the length of the aganglionic se…

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide: control of rat pineal cyclic AMP and melatonin but not cyclic GMP.

In this study, the effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) on cyclic nucleotide accumulation and melatonin (MT … on in the pineal gland without increasing cyclic GMP accumulation. That PACAP fails to activate the vasoactive intestinal peptide/cyclic GMP pathway suggests that the vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors present in the pineal may be distinct from the type II PACAP receptors.

Sympathetic axons pathfind successfully in the absence of target.

To determine whether sympathetic axons require the presence of a peripheral target to grow to the correct destination, we examined the devel … . The sweat gland innervation of wild-type mice loses catecholamines and acquires AChE activity and vasoactive intestinal peptide immunoreactivity. In tabby mutant mice, catecholaminergic fibers remain in the glandless footpads for 2 weeks and fail to acquire AChE or vasoactive intestinal peptide. In contrast to the altered development of gland innervation in tabby, the develo …

VPAC2 receptor expression in human normal and neoplastic tissues: evaluation of the novel MAB SP235.

The vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2 (VPAC2) is widely distributed throughout the body and is also overexpressed in a variety of human neoplastic tissues. However, little is known about its precise tissue distribution, regulation and function, which is in part be due to the lack of specific monoclonal anti-VPAC2 antibodies. In this study, we extensively characterised the novel rabbit monoclonal anti-VPAC2 antibody (clone SP235) using transfected cells and mouse, rat and human tissues. SP235 was then subjected to a comparative immunohistochemical study on a series of 167 histological sp…

VIP suppression in the intestine and cerebral cortex following administration of VIP antiserum to newborn rats.

The administration of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) antiserum to newborn rats significantly reduced the VIP content, both in the cerebral cortex and in intestinal epithelial cells. The decrease was observed at postnatal days 14 and 21 and also in 90 day-old animals. The neonatal treatment produced a significant increase in the density of high- and low-affinity binding sites for VIP in the cerebral cortex at post-natal days 14 and 21 whereas in the intestinal epithelial cells only the low-affinity binding sites were up-regulated at the same time points. VIP suppression induced by neonatal…

Somatostatin binding sites in cytosolic fraction of rabbit intestinal mucosa: distribution throughout the intestinal tract.

Specific binding sites for somatostatin have been identified in cytosolic fraction of both small and large intestinal mucosa. The stoichiome … es. The binding sites were shown to be highly specific for somatostatin since neuropeptides such as vasoactive intestinal peptide, neurotensin, substance P and Leu-enkephalin did not show any effect upon somatostatin binding.