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Pseudorabies virus manipulates mitochondrial tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase 2 for viral replication.

The pseudorabies virus (PRV) is identified as a double-helical DNA virus responsible for causing Aujeszky's disease, which results in considerable economic impacts globally. The enzyme tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase 2 (WARS2), a mitochondrial protein involved in protein synthesis, is recognized for its broad expression and vital role in the translation process. The findings of our study showed an increase in both mRNA and protein levels of WARS2 following PRV infection in both cell cultures and animal models. Suppressing WARS2 expression via RNA interference in PK-15 ​cells led to a reduction in…

Performance response of increasing the standardized ileal digestible tryptophan:lysine ratio in diets containing 40% dried distiller grains with solubles.

A total of 1,170 pigs (PIC 800 × PIC, initially 38.6 kg) were used in a 98-d grow-finish study to determine the performance response of pigs fed increasing levels standardized ileal digestible (SID) Trp:Lys ratio in diets containing 40% dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). Five dietary treatments were fed and consisted of a corn-soybean meal (SBM) diet or diets containing 40% DDGS with SID Trp:Lys ratios of 15%, 18%, 21%, or 24%. Each treatment was replicated 9 times and pens contained 26 pigs with the equal number of gilts and barrows. Data was analyzed as a randomized complete block

Изучение этологических связей, связанных с нейродегенеративными заболеваниями: воспаленные цитокины и биоактивные кинурайны.

Болезнь Альцгеймера (AD) и болезнь Паркинсона (PD) являются наиболее распространенными нейродегенеративными заболеваниями (ND), вызывающими широкий спектр симптомов от дисфункций двигателя до психоповеденческих проявлений. Общим клиническим курсом является вызванная протеинопатией нейронная дисфункция, приводящая к анатомически соответствующим нейропатиям. Однако нынешние диагностические критерии, основанные на патологии и симптоматологии, не имеют большого значения для профилактики заболеваний и развития наркотиков. Оценивая патомеханизм НУ, настоящий обзор включает систематические обзоры по

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most common neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), presenting a broad range of symp … he pathomechanism of NDs, this review incorporates systematic reviews on inflammatory cytokines and tryptophan metabolites kynurenines (KYNs) of human samples, to present an inferential method to explore potential links behind NDs. The results revealed increases of pro-inflammatory cytokines and neurotoxic KYNs in NDs, increases of anti-inflammatory cytokine …

Role of gut microbial metabolites in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common, multifactorial liver disease that has emerged as a global challenge due to its increasing prevalence and lack of sustainable treatment options. Gut microbiota possess vital functions in fermenting dietary nutrients and synthesizing bioactive molecules. This function is of great importance in maintaining health because these microbial metabolites are essential in regulating energy metabolism, immune response, and other vital physiological processes. Altered gut flora can result in a change in gut microbial metabolites, affecting the onset an

Central 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) mediates colonic motility by hypothalamus oxytocin-colonic oxytocin receptor pathway.

Gut-derived 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is well known for its role in mediating colonic motility function. However, it is not very clear whether brain-derived 5-HT is involved in the regulation of colonic motility. In this study, we used central 5-HT knockout (KO) mice to investigate whether brain-derived 5-HT mediates colonic motility, and if so, whether it involves oxytocin (OT) production in the hypothalamus and OT receptor in the colon. Colon transit time was prolonged in KO mice. The OT levels in the hypothalamus and serum were decreased significantly in the KO mice compared to wild-type (

The determination of 5-methoxytryptophan in human plasma.

Methoxyindoles have been of continued interest due to their biological effects. Recent studies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) have reported micromolar levels of 5-methoxytryptophan (MeOTRP) in human plasma. This prompted our development of a method for the determination of MeOTRP in human plasma that involved solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by HPLC. The identity of a putative MeOTRP peak was confirmed through chromatographic, voltammometric and fluorometric characterization. Using a standard addition approach, actual mean human plasma MeOTRP levels were found to be app…

Physiological Concentrations of Ascorbate Cannot Prevent the Potentially Damaging Reactions of Protein Radicals in Humans.

The principal initial biological targets of free radicals formed under conditions of oxidative stress are the proteins. The most common products of the interaction are carbon-centered alkyl radicals which react rapidly with oxygen to form peroxyl radicals and hydroperoxides. All these species are reactive, capable of propagating the free radical damage to enzymes, nucleic acids, lipids, and endogenous antioxidants, leading finally to the pathologies associated with oxidative stress. The best chance of preventing this chain of damage is in early repair of the protein radicals by antioxidants. E

Hepatic fibrinogen storage disease due to the fibrinogen γ375 Arg → Trp mutation "fibrinogen Aguadilla" is present in Arabs.

The mutation γ375Arg → Trp (fibrinogen Aguadilla) is one of four mutations (Brescia, Aguadilla, Angers, and AI duPont) capable of causing hepatic storage of fibrinogen. It has been observed in four children from the Caribbean, Europe, and Japan, suffering from cryptogenic liver disease. We report the first case of hepatic fibrinogen storage disease in Arabs due to a mutation in the fibrinogen γ-chain gene in a 3-year-old Syrian girl presenting with elevated liver enzymes. The finding of an impressive accumulation of fibrinogen in liver cells raised the suspicion of endoplasmic reticulum storag

Brain stem serotonin protects blood pressure in neonatal rats exposed to episodic anoxia.

In neonatal rodents, a loss of brain stem serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] in utero or at birth compromises anoxia-induced gasping and the recovery of heart rate (HR) and breathing with reoxygenation (i.e., autoresuscitation). How mean arterial pressure (MAP) is influenced after an acute loss of brain stem 5-HT content is unknown. We hypothesized that a loss of 5-HT for ∼1 day would compromise MAP during episodic anoxia. We injected 6-fluorotryptophan (20 mg/kg ip) into rat pups (postnatal days 9-10 or 11-13, n = 22 treated, 24 control), causing a ∼70% loss of brain stem 5-HT. Pups were …

Addition of an indoleamine 2,3,-dioxygenase inhibitor to B cell-depletion therapy blocks autoreactive B cell activation and recurrence of arthritis in K/BxN mice.

OBJECTIVE: To define the role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in driving pathogenic B cell responses that lead to arthritis and to determine if inhibitors of the IDO pathway can be used in conjunction with therapeutic B cell depletion to prevent the reemergence of autoantibodies and arthritis following reconstitution of the B cell repertoire. METHODS: Immunoglobulin-transgenic mice were treated with the IDO inhibitor 1-methyltryptophan (1-MT) and monitored for the extent of autoreactive B cell activation. Arthritic K/BxN mice were treated with B cell depletion alone or in combination wit…

Interactions of hexafluoro-2-propanol with the Trp-cage peptide.

Fluoro alcohols present in aqueous solutions can alter the dominant conformations of peptides and proteins. The origins of these effects likely are related to the details of solute-fluoro alcohol interactions. Preferential interaction of the fluoro alcohol component of a fluoro alcohol-water mixture with peptide solutes has been demonstrated by several experimental approaches. In the present work, we have used 1H{19F} intermolecular NOE experiments to examine interactions of hexafluoro-2-propanol in a 30% fluoro alcohol-50 mM phosphate buffer solvent mixture with the "Trp-cage" peptide (NLY IQ

The circadian rhythm of 5-HT biosynthetic and degradative enzymes in immortalized mouse neuroendocrine pineal cell line--a model for studying circadian rhythm.

Serotonin (5-HT) plays an important role in circadian rhythm and its level decreases at night and increases during day time in pineal gland. … d MAO B, however there was no difference between day and night time. In contrast, the expression of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH, the 5-HT synthetic enzyme), arylalklamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) and Arc (activity regulated, cytoskeleton associated protein) genes showed diurnal cycle. AANAT converts 5-HT to N-acetylserotonin, leading to the synthesis of m …

Simultaneous depletion of serotonin and catecholamines impairs sustained attention in healthy female subjects without affecting learning and memory.

Monoamine neurotransmitters, serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine modulate many important cognitive processes such as attention, learning and memory. While the selective effects of serotonin and catecholamine depletion on such processes have been investigated, the effects of simultaneous depletion of these monoamines on cognition remain unclear. This is of particular interest given that multiple neurotransmitter abnormalities have been implicated in many psychiatric disorders. The aim of the current study was to examine the effects of lowered brain monoamine function on cognitive performance,

First identification of autochthonous Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii isloated from goats with predominantly severe pulmonary disease in Spain.

Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii is associated with Eucalyptus trees growing in various tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Th … canavanine-glycine-bromothymol blue medium and testing them for the assimilation of D-proline and D-tryptophan. Serotyping by agglutination tests confirmed the characterization of all strains as C. neoformans var. gattii serotype B. This is the first confirmation of the presence of this variety in Spain, with a peculiar ability to produce severe pulmonary an …

Performance and carcass composition of large white toms as affected by dietary crude protein and threonine supplements.

This experiment evaluates the effect of decreasing dietary CP, in addition to the effects of dietary supplements of L-Thr to low CP diets, in Large White Nicholas toms from 0 to 18 wk of age. Toms were fed dietary treatments consisting of four levels of dietary CP as a percentage of NRC (1994) recommendations (100, 92, 84, and 76% of NRC recommendations). Additional treatments consisted of supplements of L-Thr (0.1 and 0.2% of diet) added to the 92 and 84% NRC CP treatments. All eight dietary treatments were formulated to meet a minimum of 105% of NRC (1994) recommendations for Met, TSAA, Lys,

Long-term effect of dexfenfluramine on amino acid profiles and food selection in obese patients during weight loss.

In depressive disorders an association between basal pre-treatment plasma ratios of tryptophan (Trp) and tyrosine (Tyr) to other large neutral amino acids (LNAA) and the clinical efficacy of serotonergic acting drugs have been established. In order to clarify whether a similar relation exists in obesity and to elucidate the long-term effect of dexfenfluramine (dF) on plasma amino acid profiles and macronutrient selection, we examined 29 obese patients participating in a 12 months double-blind weight loss trial with either dexfenfluramine (dF) (30 mg/day) or placebo (PL) in conjunction with 4.2…

Development of assays for the detection of photomutagenicity of chemicals during exposure to UV light--I. Assay development.

Two complementary assay systems have been adapted for the detection of compounds which may form mutagenic photoproducts during exposure to UV light from an Osram Ultra-Vitalux sunlamp as used in the evaluation of the effectiveness of sun filters. The effects of UVA and of UVB were evaluated. A bacterial plate test using Escherichia coli strain WP2 allowed the bacteria, co-plated with test chemical in soft agar, to be irradiated with various doses of UV light. Mutagenesis was assessed by scoring numbers of tryptophan-independent colonies. The chosen reference compound was 8-methoxypsoralen (8-M…

Stimulation of melatonin synthesis in ovine pineals in vitro.

Static and superfused pineal slices (750 micron) have been used to study the control of melatonin synthesis by ovine pineals. Static incubat … ristics compare favorably to those changes seen in vivo. The formation of [14C]melatonin from [14C]-tryptophan shows a linear increase with time. In the presence of NE (10(-5) M), the rate of synthesis is increased, albeit after an initial time lag of at least 30 min. The latter may reflect an N-acetyltransferase-independent mechanism of synthesis and releas …

Cushing's syndrome and depression--a prospective study of 26 patients.

Of 26 patients with active Cushing's syndrome assessed before and at three and 12 months after treatment, 21 had pituitary-dependent disease. Median urinary free cortisol values (per 24 hours) were 680, 180 and 200 nmol at zero, three and 12 months (normal less than 270 nmol), with significant improvement (P less than 0.001) at three and 12 months. Depression on the Hamilton rating scale was significantly less at three months (P less than 0.01) and at 12 months (P less than 0.001). We have already demonstrated that some patients with Cushing's syndrome have PSE diagnoses of depression and are

Influences of exogenous intake and nitrogen balance on plasma and brain aromatic amino acid concentrations.

In an effort to determine the sum of the factors influencing the plasma and brain concentrations of aromatic amino acids in rats with liver … and a derivative of tyrosine, octopamine. A clear statistical relationship between plasma and brain tryptophan and nitrogen balance was not observed. The results suggest that in animals with hepatic impairment secondary to end-to-side portacaval shunt both exogenous intake and the level of catabolism (nitrogen balance) influence plasma and brain aromatic ami …