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Distinct Cellular Tropism and Immune Responses to Alphavirus Infection.

Alphaviruses are emerging and reemerging viruses that cause disease syndromes ranging from incapacitating arthritis to potentially fatal encephalitis. While infection by arthritogenic and encephalitic alphaviruses results in distinct clinical manifestations, both virus groups induce robust innate and adaptive immune responses. However, differences in cellular tropism, type I interferon induction, immune cell recruitment, and B and T cell responses result in differential disease progression and outcome. In this review, we discuss aspects of immune responses that contribute to protective or path…

Macrophage Tropism in Pathogenic HIV-1 and SIV Infections.

Most myeloid lineage cells express the receptor and coreceptors that make them susceptible to infection by primate lentiviruses (SIVs and HI … ty of a virus to adapt to efficiently infect macrophages, and the pleiotropic effects of macrophage-tropism including the ability to infect cells lacking CD4 and increased neutralization sensitivity. Questions remain about the relationship between rates of macrophage infection and viral pathogenesis, with some evidence suggesting that elevated levels of m …

Emerging lethal infectious bronchitis coronavirus variants with multiorgan tropism.

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes respiratory diseases in chickens and poses an economic threat to the poultry industry worldwide. De … fatality rates of 67% and 20% in one-day-old SPF chicks, and all the variants possessed multiorgan tropisms, including trachea, proventriculus and urogenital tissues. Furthermore, the commercial live-attenuated Mass-type vaccine conferred poor protection against these variants. This study identified novel genotypes, serotypes and pathotypes of emerging I …

Precision mouse models with expanded tropism for human pathogens.

A major limitation of current humanized mouse models is that they primarily enable the analysis of human-specific pathogens that infect hematopoietic cells. However, most human pathogens target other cell types, including epithelial, endothelial and mesenchymal cells. Here, we show that implantation of human lung tissue, which contains up to 40 cell types, including nonhematopoietic cells, into immunodeficient mice (lung-only mice) resulted in the development of a highly vascularized lung implant. We demonstrate that emerging and clinically relevant human pathogens such as Middle East respirat

InlP, a New Virulence Factor with Strong Placental Tropism.

Intrauterine infection is a major detriment for maternal-child health and occurs despite local mechanisms that protect the maternal-fetal interface from a wide variety of pathogens. The bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes causes spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, and preterm labor in humans and serves as a model for placental pathogenesis. Given the unique immunological environment of the maternal-fetal interface, we hypothesized that virulence determinants with placental tropism are required for infection of this tissue. We performed a genomic screen in pregnant guinea pigs that led to t…

Orthopoxvirus genes that mediate disease virulence and host tropism.

In the course of evolution, viruses have developed various molecular mechanisms to evade the defense reactions of the host organism. When understanding the mechanisms used by viruses to overcome manifold defense systems of the animal organism, represented by molecular factors and cells of the immune system, we would not only comprehend better but also discover new patterns of organization and function of these most important reactions directed against infectious agents. Here, study of the orthopoxviruses pathogenic for humans, such as variola (smallpox), monkeypox, cowpox, and vaccinia viruses

Leishmania infantum tropism: strain genotype or host immune status?

In apparently immunocompetent patients, Leishmania infantum provokes a spectrum of disease, ranging from simple skin lesion to severe visceral leishmaniasis, that is determined mainly by the protozoan genotype. In HIV-positive individuals, leishmanial infection results almost exclusively in visceral disease. In this review, Luigi Grodoni and Marina Gromiccia discuss the role o f the intrinsic virulence of L. infantum strains and the immune condition of the host, and focus on recently described mechanisms of immunological control of leishmanial infection.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tropism for human macrophages.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage in addition to lymphocytes, and infection of these cells … for HIV-1 strains and do not reflect their corresponding primary cell types in studies of host cell tropism. Studies on viral entry show that the CD4 molecule, known to be the HIV receptor on lymphoid cells, is expressed at low levels on the surface of macrophages as well, where it functions as the receptor for viral entry. Therefore, differential host ce …

Determinants of pancreatic tropism in metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUNDClear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) with pancreatic metastases (PM) is paradoxically associated with prolonged overall surviva … . 9.1 months, HR 0.16 [95% CI, 0.06-0.39], P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONThese findings illustrate selective tropism of indolent, less-evolved, PBRM1-deficient ccRCC clones for pancreatic dissemination. This biological bias likely underlies therapeutic sensitivity and favorable survival, supporting the consideration of PBRM1 status and metastatic tropism in risk s …

Mechanical forces in bacterial pathogenesis: Sensing, tropism, and intervention.

Bacterial pathogenesis unfolds within mechanically complex host niches, yet physical forces are frequently overlooked as active drivers of v … erpret the specific force landscapes of human tissues, providing a mechanistic rationale for tissue-tropism that biochemical models alone cannot resolve. Finally, we posit that the "physicality" of infection presents an unexploited therapeutic frontier. By outlining strategies to target mechanotransduction nodes or exploit biofilm mechanical fragilities, …

SARS-CoV-2: Receptor and Co-receptor Tropism Probability.

The recent pandemic which arose from China, is caused by a pathogenic virus named "severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 ( … is found on a wide range of vertebrate host's cellular surface. SARS-CoV-2 has a broad spectrum of tropism; thus, it can infect a vast range of tissues, organs, and hosts; even though the surface amino acids of the spike protein conflict in the receptor-binding region. Due to the heterogeneous ACE2 distribution and the presence of different domains on th …

Molecular mechanisms implicated in SARS-CoV-2 liver tropism.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Hepatic involvement is common in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals. It is currently accepted that the direct and indirect hepatic effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection play a significant role in COVID-19. In individuals with pre-existing infectious and non-infectious liver disease, who are at a remarkably higher risk of developing severe COVID-19 and death, this pathology is most medically relevant. This review emphasizes the current pathways regarded as contributing to the gastr

Harnessing virus tropism for dendritic cells for vaccine design.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are pivotal stimulators of T cell responses. They provide essential signals (epitope presentation, proinflammatory cytokines, co-stimulation) to T cells and prime adaptive immunity. Therefore, they are paramount to immunization strategies geared to generate T cell immunity. The inflammatory signals DCs respond to, classically occur in the context of acute virus infection. Yet, enlisting viruses for engaging DCs is hampered by their penchant for targeting DCs with sophisticated immune evasive and suppressive ploys. In this review, we discuss our work on devising vectors ba

Bovine Adenovirus-3 Tropism for Bovine Leukocyte Sub-Populations.

A number of characteristics including lack of virulence and the ability to grow to high titers, have made bovine adenovirus-3 (BAdV-3) a vec … protein pIX (BAV888) enhanced the ability of the virus to enter the monocytes without altering the tropism of BAdV-3. The increased uptake of BAV888 by monocytes was associated with a significant increase in viral genome copies and the abundance of EYFP and BAdV-3 19K transcripts compared to BAdV404a-transduced monocytes. Our results suggest that BAdV-3 …

Host-Specific NS5 Ubiquitination Determines Yellow Fever Virus Tropism.

The recent yellow fever virus (YFV) epidemic in Brazil in 2017 and Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic in 2015 serve to remind us of the importance of flaviviruses as emerging human pathogens. With the current global flavivirus threat, there is an urgent need for antivirals and vaccines to curb the spread of these viruses. However, the lack of suitable animal models limits the research questions that can be answered. A common trait of all flaviviruses studied thus far is their ability to antagonize interferon (IFN) signaling so as to enhance viral replication and dissemination. Previously, we reported

Selective Tropism of Dengue Virus for Human Glycoprotein Ib.

Since the hemorrhage in severe dengue seems to be primarily related to the defect of the platelet, the possibility that dengue virus (DENV) is selectively tropic for one of its surface receptors was investigated. Flow cytometric data of DENV-infected megakaryocytic cell line superficially expressing human glycoprotein Ib (CD42b) and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (CD41 and CD41a) were analyzed by our custom-written software in MATLAB. In two-dimensional analyses, intracellular DENV was detected in CD42b+, CD41+ and CD41a+ cells. In three-dimensional analyses, the DENV was exclusively detected in CD42b+

Uncovering oral Neisseria tropism and persistence using metagenomic sequencing.

Microbial epidemiology and population genomics have previously been carried out near-exclusively for organisms grown in vitro. Metagenomics … ied these tools to 520 oral metagenomes from the Human Microbiome Project, finding evidence of site tropism and temporal intra-subject strain retention. Although the opportunistic pathogen Neisseria meningitidis is enriched for colonization in the throat, N. flavescens and N. subflava populate the tongue dorsum, and N. sicca, N. mucosa and N. elongata the …

Phylodynamic Characterization of an Ocular-Tropism Coxsackievirus A24 Variant.

Recent phylodynamic studies have focused on using tree topology patterns to elucidate interactions among the epidemiological, evolutionary, and demographic characteristics of infectious agents. However, because studies of viral phylodynamics tend to focus on epidemic outbreaks, tree topology signatures of tissue-tropism pathogens might not be clearly identified. Therefore, this study used a novel Bayesian evolutionary approach to analyze the A24 variant of coxsackievirus (CV-A24v), an ocular-tropism agent of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis. Analyses of the 915-nucleotide VP1 and 690-nt 3Dpol …

Трапизм вируса Танапокс в основных человеческих клетках.

Вирус Танапокса (TPV) принадлежит роду Ятапоксивирус и вызывает относительно доброкачественную зоонотические заболевания у человека с симптомами, которые напоминают мягкую версию обезьянопокса человека. В целях изучения основополагающих механизмов патогенеза ТPV в различных основных человеческих клетках были изучены трипизм и репликационные характеристики ТПВ. Было построено и использовано GPF, выражающий ТПВ (TPV-GPF), для заражения первичных дерных фибробатластов (pHDF) и периферийных моноядерных клеток крови (PBMC), которые, как считается, являются основными в vivo мишенях по оксивирусной и

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Tanapox virus (TPV) belongs to the genus Yatapoxvirus and causes a relatively benign zoonotic disease in man, with symptoms that resemble a mild version of human monkeypox. In order to investigate the underlying mechanisms of TPV pathogenesis, the tropism and replication characteristics of TPV were examined in a variety of primary human cells. A GFP expressi…