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A review of visceral leishmaniasis during the conflict in South Sudan and the consequences for East African countries.

BACKGROUND: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused predominantly by Leishmania donovani and transmitted by both Phlebotomus orientalis and Phlebotomus martini, is highly endemic in East Africa where approximately 30 thousands VL cases are reported annually. The largest numbers of cases are found in Sudan - where Phlebotomus orientalis proliferate in Acacia forests especially on Sudan's eastern border with Ethiopia, followed by South Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya and Uganda. Long-standing civil war and unrest is a dominant determinant of VL in East African countries. Here we attempt to identify …

Multi-parallel qPCR provides increased sensitivity and diagnostic breadth for gastrointestinal parasites of humans: field-based inferences on the impact of mass deworming.

BACKGROUND: Although chronic morbidity in humans from soil transmitted helminth (STH) infections can be reduced by anthelmintic treatment, inconsistent diagnostic tools make it difficult to reliably measure the impact of deworming programs and often miss light helminth infections. METHODS: Cryopreserved stool samples from 796 people (aged 2-81 years) in four villages in Bungoma County, western Kenya, were assessed using multi-parallel qPCR for 8 parasites and compared to point-of-contact assessments of the same stools by the 2-stool 2-slide Kato-Katz (KK) method. All subjects were treated wit…

What Is Threatening the Effectiveness of Insecticide-Treated Bednets? A Case-Control Study of Environmental, Behavioral, and Physical Factors Associated with Prevention Failure.

BACKGROUND: Insecticide-treated nets are the cornerstone of global malaria control and have been shown to reduce malaria morbidity by 50-60%. However, some areas are experiencing a resurgence in malaria following successful control. We describe an efficacy decay framework to understand why high malaria burden persists even under high ITN coverage in a community in western Kenya. METHODS: We enrolled 442 children hospitalized with malaria and paired them with age, time, village and gender-matched controls. We completed comprehensive household and neighborhood assessments including entomologica…

Co-Infection Burden of Hepatitis C Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus among Injecting Heroin Users at the Kenyan Coast.

BACKGROUND: Injection drug use is steadily rising in Kenya. We assessed the prevalence of both human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among injecting heroin users (IHUs) at the Kenyan Coast. METHODS: A total of 186 IHUs (mean age, 33 years) from the Omari rehabilitation center program in Malindi were consented and screened for HIV-1 and HCV by serology and PCR and their CD4 T-cells enumerated by FACS. RESULTS: Prevalence of HIV-1 was 87.5%, that of HCV was 16.4%, co-infection was 17.9% and 18/152 (11.8%) were uninfected. Only 5.26% of the HIV-1 neg…

Communicating about microbicides with women in mind: tailoring messages for specific audiences.

INTRODUCTION: Current HIV prevention options are unrealistic for most women; however, HIV prevention research has made important strides, in … facilitators to HIV prevention, including potential microbicide use, for four priority audiences of Kenyan women (female sex workers [FSWs], women in stable and discordant relationships, and sexually active single young women). We then describe how messages that position microbicides might be tailored for each audience of women. RESULTS: We reviewed 10 …

Daily oral tenofovir and emtricitabine-tenofovir preexposure prophylaxis reduces herpes simplex virus type 2 acquisition among heterosexual HIV-1-uninfected men and women: a subgroup analysis of a randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Daily oral preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) using the antiretroviral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) alone or in combination with emtricitabine (FTC-TDF) reduces the risk for HIV-1 acquisition. Tenofovir has in vitro activity against herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of daily oral PrEP with tenofovir and FTC-TDF in the prevention of HSV-2 acquisition. DESIGN: Subgroup analysis of data from a randomized, placebo-controlled trial with concealed allocation. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00557245). SETTING: Multiple sites in Kenya and Uganda. PARTIC…

COMPLEMENTARY TECHNIQUES OF PERCUTANEOUS CLOSURE OF DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS USING DETACHABLE COOK COILS AND AMPLATZER DEVICES.

BACKGROUND: Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) is a commoncardiac malformation whose treatment locally has been surgical ligation via a lateral … l Nairobi. DESIGN: A descriptive retrospective cohort study. Setting: The Mater Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. SUBJECTS: Patients with clinical and echo-cardiographic features of patent ductus arteriosus who underwent cardiac catheterisation and angiography followed by device embolisation of the ductus. RESULTS: From April 1999 to October 2009 a total of …

CORONIS - International study of caesarean section surgical techniques: the follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: The CORONIS Trial was a 2×2×2×2×2 non-regular, fractional, factorial trial of five pairs of alternative caesarean section surgic … en collected in seven countries with limited health care resources (Argentina, Chile, Ghana, India, Kenya, Pakistan, Sudan) any differences in outcomes associated with different surgical techniques are likely to be generalisable throughout the world. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN31089967.

Bleach sedimentation: an opportunity to optimize smear microscopy for tuberculosis diagnosis in settings of high prevalence of HIV.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the performance and feasibility of tuberculosis diagnosis by sputum microscopy after bleach sedimentation, compared with by conventional direct smear microscopy, in a setting of high prevalence of HIV. METHODS: In a community-based study in Kenya (a population in which 50% of individuals with tuberculosis are infected with HIV), individuals with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis submitted 3 sputum specimens during 2 consecutive days, which were examined by blind evaluation. Ziehl-Neelsen-stained smears were made of fresh specimens and of spe…

Age-adjusted Plasmodium falciparum antibody levels in school-aged children are a stable marker of microgeographical variations in exposure to Plasmodium infection.

BACKGROUND: Amongst school-aged children living in malaria endemic areas, chronic morbidity and exacerbation of morbidity associated with ot … , cross-sectional community surveys were conducted over a 10 x 6 km study site in Makueni District, Kenya, during low and high malaria transmission seasons. During both high and low malaria transmission seasons, thick blood smears were examined microscopically and circulating Pfs-IgG3 levels measured from dried blood spot elute. GIS techniques were used …

Bacterial isolates in severely malnourished children at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi.

OBJECTIVES: To identify bacterial isolates and determine antibiotic sensitivity pattern in children with severe Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) presenting at the Paediatric Filter Clinic (PFC) of Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH). DESIGN: Hospital based cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Paediatric Filter Clinic of Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH), a tertiary level teaching institution for the University of Nairobi, Kenya. SUBJECTS: Children between two and sixty months presenting at the hospital outpatient filter clinic with severe malnutrition. RESULTS: Ninety-one children, forty six fema…

A role for granulomatous inflammation in the transmission of infectious disease: schistosomiasis and tuberculosis.

The relationship between cell-mediated granulomatous inflammation and transmission of disease in schistosomiasis and tuberculosis has been e … enhancing egg excretion in the recipients as the cell-mediated activity declined. A recent study in Kenya has found that S. mansoni-infected patients with concurrent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection excrete fewer eggs than patients exposed to the same levels of schistosome infection, but who are not HIV-infected, thus indicating that schisto …

Hormonal contraception, vitamin A deficiency, and other risk factors for shedding of HIV-1 infected cells from the cervix and vagina.

BACKGROUND: Factors that influence shedding of HIV-1 infected cells in cervical and vaginal secretions may be important determinants of sexual and vertical transmission of the virus. We investigated whether hormonal contraceptive use, vitamin A deficiency, and other variables were risk factors for cervical and vaginal shedding of HIV-infected cells. METHODS: Between December, 1994, and April, 1996, women who attended a municipal sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) clinic in Mombasa, Kenya, and had previously tested positive for HIV-1, were invited to take part in our cross-sectional study. C…

Immunohistochemistry vs Molecular Breast Cancer Subtyping Among African Populations.

IMPORTANCE: Breast cancer subtyping based on immunohistochemistry (IHC) guides systemic therapy where gene expression profiling assays are u … to improve classification. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sectional study included Kenyan (diagnosed 2012-2022) and Ghanaian women (diagnosed 2013-2015) with invasive breast cancer, from whom formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor specimens were collected during the same periods. Gene expression profiling and data analyses were perform …

Genetic insights into circulating very virulent infectious bursal disease virus strains in Kenyan broiler flocks.

Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD), caused by Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV), remains a major threat to poultry industry worldwide, leading to immunosuppression, secondary infections, and resulting in economic losses. This study reports the molecular characterisation and phylogenetic classification of IBDV strains circulating in broilers from different Kenyan counties. Between 2022 and 2024, 44 broiler flocks (19-31 days old) suspected of IBD and vaccinated with an immunocomplex vaccine were sampled across six Kenyan counties. Bursal imprints on QIAcard FTA™ Classic were analysed by RT-PC…

Agricultural and nutritional education interventions for reducing aflatoxin exposure to improve infant and child growth in low- and middle-income countries.

BACKGROUND: Aflatoxins are carcinogenic mycotoxins that contaminate many food crops. Maize and groundnuts are prone to aflatoxin contaminati … bearing age, and young children (< 59 months), from rural, subsistence maize-farming communities in Kenya, Zimbabwe, and Tanzania. Two trials randomised villages to the intervention and control groups, including a total of at least 979 mother-child pairs from 60 villages. The third trial randomised 420 households, including 189 mother-child pairs and 23 …

Соотношение &quot; Моноцит-лимфоцит &quot; и &quot; Лимфоцит &quot; связано с туберкулезом и сокращением масштабов лечения от туберкулеза у детей, инфицированных ВИЧ.

КОЛИЧЕСТВО БОЛЬШОГО БЕДСТВИЯ: Отношение моноцита к лимфоциту крови (MLR) связано с активным туберкулезом (ТБ) у взрослых, но не оценивалось в качестве диагностического биомаркера туберкулеза у ВИЧ-инфицированных детей, у которых затруднен отбор проб дыхательных путей. СИТТИНГ: В группе ВИЧ-инфицированных госпитализированных кенийских детей, занимающихся антиретровирусной терапией, абсолютные показатели содержания моноцитов и лимфоцитов были определены при поступлении в школу и 4, 12 и 24 недели спустя. МЕТОДЫ: Дети были классифицированы как подтвержденные, неподтвержденные или маловероятные ту

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
BACKGROUND: The blood monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) is associated with active tuberculosis (TB) in adults but has not been evaluated as a TB diagnostic biomarker in HIV-infected children in whom respiratory sampling is difficult. SETTING: In a cohort of HIV-infected hospitalized Kenyan children initiating antiretroviral therapy, absolute monocyte and l…

Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte dynamics after pyronaridine-artesunate or artemether-lumefantrine treatment.

BACKGROUND: Artemisinin-based combinations differ in their impact on gametocyte prevalence and density. This study assessed female and male gametocyte dynamics after treating children with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria with either pyronaridine-artesunate (PA) or artemether-lumefantrine (AL). METHODS: Kenyan children with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria were included and randomly assigned to PA or AL treatment. Filter paper blood samples were collected as a source of RNA for quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and nucleic acid sequence based amplification…

Linking private, for-profit providers to public sector services for HIV and tuberculosis co-infected patients: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of infectious disease deaths worldwide and is the leading cause of death among people wit … escribed public-private TB/HIV diagnostic/referral services with varying degrees of integration. In Kenya private practitioners were able to test for both TB and HIV and offer state-subsidized TB medication, but they could not provide state-subsidized antiretroviral therapy (ART) to co-infected patients. In India private practitioners not contractually …