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Prioritisation and risk ranking of epidemic-prone diseases for emergency preparedness and response in Eastern Africa using a multi-criteria decision analysis framework, 2023.

BACKGROUND: Resources to respond to emerging and re-emerging infectious disease emergencies are limited. AIM: To support preparedness plann … ur overarching domains: risk trajectory, epidemic potential, disease severity, and preparedness and medical countermeasures. Overall risk was calculated as the product of risk trajectory, epidemic potential, and disease severity. RESULTS: Twenty-eight experts (88%, 28 of the eligible participants, n = 32) prioritised 22 potential epidemic-prone diseases. The top 10 were …

Sero-prevalence and risk factors associated with occurrence of anti-Brucella antibodies among slaughterhouse workers in Uganda.

INTRODUCTION: Brucellosis is a febrile zoonosis occurring among high-risk groups such as livestock keepers and abattoir workers and is a public health priority in Uganda. The technical complexities of bacteriological and molecular methods make serological approaches the cornerstone of diagnosis of human brucellosis in resource limited settings. Therefore, proper application and interpretation of serological tests is central to achieve a correct diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study to estimate the seroprevalence and factors associated with anti-Brucella antibo

Immediate effects of acute Mars mission equivalent doses of SEP and GCR radiation on the murine gastrointestinal system-protective effects of curcumin-loaded nanolipoprotein particles (cNLPs).

INTRODUCTION: Missions beyond low Earth orbit (LEO) will expose astronauts to ionizing radiation (IR) in the form of solar energetic particl … more limited and necessary to better define charged particle-induced GI pathologies and test novel medical countermeasures (MCMs) to promote astronaut safety. METHODS: In this study, we performed ground-based studies where male and female C57BL/6J mice were exposed to γ-rays, 50 MeV protons, or 1 GeV/n Fe-56 ions at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) with histo …

Anti-ceramide Single-Chain Variable Fragment Mitigates Gastrointestinal-Acute Radiation Syndrome and Improves Marrow Reconstitution, Rendering Near-Normal 90-Day Autopsies.

PURPOSE: After September 11, 2001, nuclear threat prompted government agencies to develop medical countermeasures to mitigate two syndromes, the hematopoietic-acute radiation syndrome (H-ARS) and the higher-dose gastrointestinal-acute radiation syndrome (GI-ARS), both lethal within weeks. While repurposing leukemia drugs that enhance bone marrow repopulation successfully treats H-ARS, no mitigator potentially deliverable under mass casualty conditions preserves the GI tract. We recently reported that anti-ceramide single-chain variable fragment (scFv) mitigates GI-ARS lethality, abrogating ong…

Физиологические и иммунологические изменения в мозгу, связанные с смертельным восточным энцефалитным вирусом энцефалита в макаках.

Вирус энцефалита (EEEV) может вызвать смертельный вирусный энцефалит в циномолгусе, похожий на серьёзные заболевания человека. Биомаркеры, указывающие на инфекцию центральной нервной системы (КНС) вирусом и смертельный исход болезни, были бы полезны для оценки потенциальных медицинских контрмер, особенно в отношении терапевтических соединений. Для выполнения требований правила по животным требуется более глубокое понимание патофизиологии болезней, вызываемых ЭЭМ, в циномольгусе. В ходе этого исследования макаки при помощи смертельной дозы штамма EEEV, полученного из клонов, V105 создали лихора

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Aerosol exposure to eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) can trigger a lethal viral encephalitis in cynomolgus macaques which resembles severe human disease. Biomarkers indicative of central nervous system (CNS) infection by the virus and lethal outcome of disease would be useful in evaluating potential medical countermeasures, especially for therapeutic…

[Severe noncardiogenic pulmonary edema due to permeability disorder after i.v. administration of CT contrast medium with subsequent venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation].

Hypersensitivity reactions are one of the most feared side effects associated with the use of CT contrast agents. Bronchospasm and lung edema are known manifestations, whereby the latter occurs much less often. In anaphylaxis, numerous mechanisms can lead to cardiac failure with subsequent lung edema. In contrast, the cardiac function is not impaired in noncardiogenic pulmonary edema (NCPE), which is a rare phenomenon but with potentially fatal outcome. The exact pathophysiology of NCPE remains unknown and characteristically response to conventional anaphylaxis treatment is poor. This article

Soman-induced status epilepticus, epileptogenesis, and neuropathology in carboxylesterase knockout mice treated with midazolam.

OBJECTIVE: Exposure to chemical warfare nerve agents (CWNAs), such as soman (GD), can induce status epilepticus (SE) that becomes refractory to benzodiazepines when treatment is delayed, leading to increased risk of epileptogenesis, severe neuropathology, and long-term behavioral and cognitive deficits. Rodent models, widely used to evaluate novel medical countermeasures (MCMs) against CWNA exposure, normally express plasma carboxylesterase, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of certain organophosphorus compounds. To better predict the efficacy of novel MCMs against CWNA exposure in human ca…

Citrulline as a Biomarker for Gastrointestinal-Acute Radiation Syndrome: Species Differences and Experimental Condition Effects.

Animal models of hematopoietic and gastrointestinal acute radiation syndromes (ARS) have been characterized to develop medical countermeasures. Acute radiation-induced decrease of intestinal absorptive function has been correlated to a decrease in the number of intestinal crypt cells resulting from apoptosis and enterocyte mass reduction. Citrulline, a noncoded amino acid, is produced almost exclusively by the enterocytes of the small intestine. Citrullinemia has been identified as a simple, sensitive and suitable biomarker for radiation-induced injury associated with gastrointestinal ARS (GI-…

Recombinant protective antigen anthrax vaccine improves survival when administered as a postexposure prophylaxis countermeasure with antibiotic in the New Zealand white rabbit model of inhalation anthrax.

Inhalation anthrax is a potentially lethal form of disease resulting from exposure to aerosolized Bacillus anthracis spores. Over the last decade, incidents spanning from the deliberate mailing of B. anthracis spores to incidental exposures in users of illegal drugs have highlighted the importance of developing new medical countermeasures to protect people who have been exposed to "anthrax spores" and are at risk of developing disease. The New Zealand White rabbit (NZWR) is a well-characterized model that has a pathogenesis and clinical presentation similar to those seen in humans. This articl…

Simulating human space physiology with bed rest.

In a recent review on bed rest studies of the past 20 years, it was concluded that head-down bed rest has proved its usefulness as a reliable simulation model for most physiological effects of spaceflight. Much of this research has been conducted to find countermeasures against the negative effects, which are associated with gravitational unloading. There have been partial successes in the prevention of, for example muscle wasting, cardio-vascular deconditioning, adverse metabolic changes, and bone demineralization. Reviews refer to bone-related measurements of the U.S. and Russian space progr

Vascular-associated bacterial burden and neuroinflammatory transcriptional responses observed in models of pneumonic plague.

INTRODUCTION: Yersinia pestis is the etiologic agent of plague, and the disease is categorized into several forms, including bubonic, septic … uroinflammation described herein will contribute to the refinement of animal models, development of medical countermeasures for neurological infections or neurological impacts associated with systemic infection, and improvement of diagnostic strategies for Y. pestis.

The antiviral BDGR-49 provides protection from lethal, neurotropic Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus intranasal infection in mice.

Venezuelan, western, and eastern equine encephalitis virus (VEEV, WEEV, and EEEV) cause a febrile illness that may result in fatal neurologi … such as herpesviruses or HIV-1, and none for alphaviruses, and treatment outcomes remain poor. New medical countermeasures will address the gap in treatment of viral encephalitis such as those caused by the neurotropic alphaviruses and others.

A Murine Model of Vesicant-Induced Acute Lung Injury.

Burn injuries including those caused by chemicals can result in systemic effects and acute lung injury (ALI). Cutaneous exposure to Lewisite … iable model for investigating mechanisms underlying toxicity. The model can also be used to develop medical countermeasures to mitigate ALI associated with cutaneous Lewisite exposure.

Age differences in organophosphorus nerve agent-induced seizure, blood brain barrier integrity, and neurodegeneration in midazolam-treated rats.

Exposure to organophosphorus nerve agents irreversibly inhibits acetylcholinesterase and may lead to cholinergic crisis and seizures. Althou … pups. We found that age is a determinant factor in soman-induced toxicity and response to standard medical countermeasures. In addition, we observed sex differences in response to soman in juveniles and males with respect to body weight growth curves and in neuronal loss in juveniles and adults. Adjunct therapies to midazolam are warranted and it is important to evaluat …

Factors Related to Mortality in Patients with COVID-19 during the Early Phase of the Pandemic in Japan: An Observational Study Using the Osaka Prefectural Novel Coronavirus Response Status Management System.

INTRODUCTION: Elucidating the epidemiological picture in the early phase of a pandemic is crucial to strengthening preparedness and public health responses to future emerging infectious diseases. Using data from the "Osaka Prefectural Novel Coronavirus Response Status Management System," we evaluated factors associated with mortality among patients with novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Osaka Prefecture, Japan. METHODS: The study periods were from January 29 to June 13, 2020 (first surge), from June 14 to October 9, 2020 (second surge), and from October 10 to December 24, 2020 (up

EEI-IoT: Edge-Enabled Intelligent IoT Framework for Early Detection of COVID-19 Threats.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) across the globe, impacting effective diagnosis and treatment for any chronic illnesses and long-term health implications. In this worldwide crisis, the pandemic shows its daily extension (i.e., active cases) and genome variants (i.e., Alpha) within the virus class and diversifies the association with treatment outcomes and drug resistance. As a consequence, healthcare-related data including instances of sore throat, fever, fatigue, cough, and shortness of breath are given due considerat

A 3-D virtual human model for simulating heat and cold stress.

In this study, we extended our previously developed anatomically detailed three-dimensional (3-D) thermoregulatory virtual human model for predicting heat stress to allow for predictions of heat and cold stress in one unified model. Starting with the modified Pennes bioheat transfer equation to estimate the spatiotemporal temperature distribution within the body as the underlying modeling structure, we developed a new formulation to characterize the spatial variation of blood temperature between body elements and within the limbs. We also implemented the means to represent heat generated from

Limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) in rats and mice following whole body exposure to sulfur mustard (SM) vapor.

Ocular injuries following sulfur mustard (SM) exposure are characterized by an acute phase expressed by corneal erosions and inflammation of … delayed manifestation of this pathology points towards a therapeutic window for the development of medical countermeasures in small animals following exposure in a real life scenario.

Monkeypox Outbreak - Nine States, May 2022.

On May 17, 2022, the Massachusetts Department of Public Health (MDPH) Laboratory Response Network (LRN) laboratory confirmed the presence of … seminating health communication messages to the public, developing protocols for use and release of medical countermeasures, and facilitating delivery of vaccine postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) and antivirals that have been stockpiled by the U.S. government for preparedness and response purposes. On May 19, a call center was established to provide guidance to states for t …

Antibody affinity maturation and cross-variant activity following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination: Impact of prior exposure and sex.

BACKGROUND: Limited knowledge exists regarding antibody affinity maturation following mRNA vaccination in naïve vs. COVID-19 recovered indiv … s. FUNDING: The antibody characterization work described in this manuscript was supported by FDA's Medical Countermeasures Initiative (MCMi) grant #OCET 2021-1565 to S.K and intramural FDA-CBER COVID-19 supplemental funds. The SPARTA program was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), Depa …