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Trigeminal neuralgia: pathology and pathogenesis.

There is now persuasive evidence that trigeminal neuralgia is usually caused by demyelination of trigeminal sensory fibres within either the … ortion reduce the spontaneous generation of impulses and prevent their ephaptic spread. The role of remyelination in initial symptomatic recovery after decompression is unclear. However, remyelination may help to ensure that relief of symptoms is sustained after decompression of the nerve root and may also be responsible for the spontaneous remission of the neu …

Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) hampers myelin repair in a mouse model of white matter demyelination.

Epidemiological studies show a strong association between exposure to air pollution - and particularly to particulate matter (PM) -, increas … thin-induced demyelination of the subcortical white matter, post-injury exposure to fine PM hampers remyelination, disturbs oligodendroglia differentiation dynamics and promotes astroglia and microglia reactivity. These findings support the view that exposure to fine PM can contribute to demyelinating pathologies by targeting the endogenous regenerative capabil …

Bone marrow stem cells in experimental stroke.

Adult bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a remarkable spectrum of functional properties. Transplantation of MSCs improves clinical outcome in animal models of cerebral ischemia, and traumatic brain and spinal cord injury, via mechanisms that may include induction of axonal sprouting and remyelination, protection of injured neurons, neovascularization, and, potentially, replacement of damaged cells. Beneficial therapeutic effects have been reported in experimental models of stroke following intravenous delivery of MSCs. Initial clinical studies using intravenously delivered …

Developmental expression and function analysis of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type D in oligodendrocyte myelination.

Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) are extensively expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), and have distinct spatial and … the contribution of PTPRD to the initiation of axonal myelination. Our results also showed that the remyelination process was not affected in the absence of PTPRD function after a cuprizone-induced demyelination in adult animals.

Carbon disulfide induced polyneuropathy: sural nerve pathology, electrophysiology, and clinical correlation.

We report the clinical features, electrophysiological studies, sural nerve pathology and recovery course of carbon disulfide-(CS2) induced polyneuropathy in a 48-year-old man who worked in a viscose rayon plant. Sural nerve biopsy 2 years later still showed degeneration of both axon and myelin with a predominant loss of large myelinated fibers and remyelination. Electrophysiologic studies revealed mixed axonal and demyelinating polyneuropathy. To our knowledge, this is the first human report of sural nerve pathology in the recovery stage due to CS2 intoxication. After diagnosis, the patient wa…

Bexarotene leads to durable improvements in visual evoked potential latency: A follow-up study of the Cambridge Centre for Myelin Repair One trial.

The Cambridge Centre for Myelin Repair One (CCMR-One) trial showed that 6 months of bexarotene reduces visual evoked potential (VEP) latency in people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). In a single-centre follow-up study of these participants, we re-examined full-field VEP and clinical assessments. Twenty participants (12 bexarotene and 8 placebo) were seen on average 27 months after their trial involvement. In an analysis of all eyes with recordable signal (24 bexarotene and 14 placebo), the adjusted bexarotene-placebo treatment difference in P100 latency was -7.79 (95% confide

How miRNAs Regulate Schwann Cells during Peripheral Nerve Regeneration-A Systemic Review.

A growing body of studies indicate that small noncoding RNAs, especially microRNAs (miRNA), play a crucial role in response to peripheral nerve injuries. During Wallerian degeneration and regeneration processes, they orchestrate several pathways, in particular the MAPK, AKT, and EGR2 (KROX20) pathways. Certain miRNAs show specific expression profiles upon a nerve lesion correlating with the subsequent nerve regeneration stages such as dedifferentiation and with migration of Schwann cells, uptake of debris, neurite outgrowth and finally remyelination of regenerated axons. This review highlights…

Visual Evoked Potentials as a Biomarker in Multiple Sclerosis and Associated Optic Neuritis.

: ABSTRACT:: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, degenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by progressive neurological decline over time. The need for better "biomarkers" to more precisely capture and track the effects of demyelination, remyelination, and associated neuroaxonal injury is a well-recognized challenge in the field of MS. To this end, visual evoked potentials (VEPs) have a role in assessing the extent of demyelination along the optic nerve, as a functionally eloquent CNS region. Moreover, VEPs testing can be used to predict the extent of recove…

Progression in multiple sclerosis is associated with low endogenous NCAM.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a CNS disorder characterized by demyelination and neurodegeneration. Although hallmarks of recovery (remyelination and repair) have been documented in early MS, the regenerative capacity of the adult CNS per se remains uncertain with the wide held belief that it is either limited or non-existent. The neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) is a cell adhesion molecule that has been widely implicated in axonal outgrowth, guidance and fasciculation. Here, we used in vitro and in vivo of MS to investigate the role of NCAM in disease progression. We show that in health NCAM …

Mast cell-associated Renaut bodies in the peroneal nerve of a dog with a history of mastocytosis.

Multiple Renaut bodies were identified by light microscopy in the biopsied common peroneal nerve of a dog with generalized neuropathy, hypothyroidism and a history of cutaneous mastocytosis. In addition, numerous granulated cells were associated with most of the Renaut bodies. Electron microscopic examination confirmed these to be mast cells, both central and peripheral to Renaut bodies, a phenomenon never previously reported. Endoneurial fibrosis, myelinated fiber loss, as well as evidence of axonal degeneration, demyelination and remyelination were observed. 'Vacuolation' of endoneurial fibr…

Peripheral neuropathy associated with malignant neoplasms in dogs.

Common peroneal and ulnar nerves of 21 dogs between 2 and 15 years of age with malignant tumors were examined for possible paraneoplastic effects. Percent of abnormalities in single-teased fiber studies exceeded the confidence limits (P = 0.99) established for age-matched control dogs in 16 of 21 dogs (76%) with malignancies, none of which manifested clinical signs of polyneuropathy. The incidence of abnormalities was higher in common peroneal nerve (73%) than in ulnar nerve (57%). Lesions were characterized by a mixture of demyelination/remyelination and axonal degeneration; however, the form…

Augmentation of functional recovery via ROCK/PI3K/AKT pathway by Fasudil Hydrochloride in a rat sciatic nerve transection model.

BACKGROUNDS: The functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury remains unsatisfactory. This study aims to perform a comprehensive evalua … ade tracing by injecting Fluoro-gold in the distal stump was performed. Three months after surgery, remyelination was analyzed with immostaining using the anti-MPZ antibody and the transmission electron microscope; Moreover, Motion-Evoked Potential, and recovery of sensorimotor functions was evaluated with a neuromonitor, Footprint, Hot Plate and Von Frey Filam …

Near‑Infrared Photobiomodulation in White‑Matter Disease: From Microglial States to Measurable Endpoints.

White-matter (WM) injury contributes to disability across multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease and related dementias, and small-vessel disease. We use microglial state programs as an organizing axis for WM injury-to-repair logic, while emphasizing that WM outcomes are multicellular and involve oligodendrocyte-lineage cells, astrocytes, axons/neurons, and vascular factors. Microglia span an injury-repair continuum, from inflammatory programs that increase oxidative stress and debris burden to repair-competent programs that support debris handling, remyelination, and a…

The effect of antiepileptic drugs on re-myelinization of axons: Phenytoin, levetiracetam, carbamazepine, and valproic acid, used following traumatic brain injury.

OBJECTIVE: Traumatic brain injury is a major health and socioeconomic problem and the first cause of young death worldwide. For this reason, the prevention of post-traumatic brain injury and the research of new methods for it are important today. In this study, we aimed to determine whether the use of antiepileptic drugs contributed to axonal healing after traumatic brain injury. METHODS: Thirty-six Long-Evans rats, each weighing 300-350 g, were used in this study. A total of 6 groups, including the sham, control, and 4 study groups, were determined. A 1.5 mm-sized trauma was created in the b

p75 Neurotrophin Receptor: A Double-Edged Sword in Pathology and Regeneration of the Central Nervous System.

The low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor p75NTR is a major neurotrophin receptor involved in manifold and pleiotropic functions in the … nous occurrence of p75NTR-positive glia, which potentially play a role in Schwann cell-mediated CNS remyelination. The aim of the present communication is to review the pleiotropic functions of p75NTR in the CNS with a special emphasis on its role as an immunohistochemical marker in neuropathology. Following a brief illustration of the expression of p75NTR in n …

Neuroglial Function and Hormonal Modulation in Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Influence of Sex Hormones.

Astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes, key neuroglial cell types, are essential for central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, immune r … sex hormones on glial function. These hormones modulate inflammatory tone, synaptic remodeling, and remyelination, potentially contributing to sex-based differences in disease incidence, progression, and treatment response. This review synthesizes current understanding of glial involvement in neurodegeneration and examines how gonadal hormones interact with ast …

Dynamic interactions with neuroblasts promote oligodendrocyte progenitor migration to injured cortex.

Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) generated in the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) migrate long distances to sites of brain injury to contribute to remyelination, but the mechanisms guiding their efficient recruitment remain unclear. Using a neonatal cortical injury model combined with live imaging and three-dimensional culture, we show that V-SVZ-derived OPCs migrate toward lesions by interacting with migrating neuroblasts that share the same route. Neuroblast contact significantly enhances OPC motility even in the absence of external scaffolds. High-resolution imaging reveals t…

GPR17 - сирота G-белковый рецептор с терапевтическим потенциалом.

Сиротка G с протеиновым рецептором (GCR) GPR17, физиологический агонист которой до сих пор неизвестен, стала перспективной мишенью для множественных склерозов (MS). Блокада рецептора позволяет ремимиэлировать и может предложить новую терапевтическую стратегию для MS. Совсем недавно появились мощные и выборочные комплексы инструментов для GPR17, и резко возросли патенты на антагонистов, что привело к появлению первого клинического кандидата, антагониста GPR17 PTD802, который будет разработан для лечения MS. Это может проложить путь для дальнейших клинических исследований, посвященных изучению д

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
The orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) GPR17, whose physiological agonist remains unknown, has emerged as a promising drug target for multiple sclerosis (MS). Blockade of the receptor enables remyelination and may offer a novel therapeutic strategy for MS. Only recently, potent and selective tool compounds for GPR17 have become available, and patents o…

[Neuropathy presenting conduction block in ANCA-negative eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis].

A 74-year-old woman with a history of asthma and allergic rhinitis rapidly developed multiple mononeuropathy. Although anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies were negative, the presence of eosinophilia and eosinophilic infiltrations in the sural nerve led to a diagnosis of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis. A motor nerve conduction study on admission revealed conduction block, which promptly disappeared after initiating immunotherapy without findings suggestive for remyelination or axonal degeneration. This electrophysiological change distinct from that of Wallerian degeneration. A…

[Chronic hexosaminidase A deficiency associated with pure sensory peripheral neuropathy].

One patient with hexosaminidase A (Hx A) deficiency, which produces GM2 gangliosidosis, developed a complex progressive neurological syndrom … s related to their axonal diameters, axonal degeneration, segmental and paranodal demyelination and remyelination. Electronmicroscopic examination showed small electrondense, non specific, bodies and concentric lamellar inclusions within the cytoplasm of the Schwann cells. These findings demonstrate that pure sensory peripheral neuropathy should be considered a …