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Risk perception during the 2014-2015 Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone.

BACKGROUND: Perceived susceptibility to a disease threat (risk perception) can influence protective behaviour. This study aims to determine … nterval [CI] 1.2-1.8 and AOR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1-1.7 respectively), whereas misconceptions and avoiding burials were negatively associated with risk perception, (AOR 0.7, 95% CI 0.6-0.8 and AOR 0.8, 95% CI 06-1.0, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our results illustrate the complexity of how individuals perceived their Ebola acquisition risk based on the way they …

Боковые иммуномассы для обнаружения в Либерии болезней, связанных с вирусом Эбола.

КОЛИЧЕСТВО: Боковые иммуномассы (ЛФИ) представляют собой диагностические анализы в точках медицинской помощи, предназначенные для одноразового использования за пределами официальной лаборатории, причем наиболее известным примером таких тестов являются тесты на беременность на дому. Хотя ЛФИ имеет определенные ограничения в отношении более сложных процедур иммуномассирования, таких, как снижение чувствительности и возможность получения ложных положительных результатов при использовании сложных матриц проб, анализ дает преимущества быстрого времени для получения результатов и простоты использова

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
BACKGROUND: Lateral flow immunoassays (LFIs) are point-of-care diagnostic assays that are designed for single use outside a formal laborator … y magnitude, a field-based rapid diagnostic assay would allow proper patient transport and for safe burials to be conducted without the delay caused by transport of samples between remote villages and testing facilities. Use of such point-of-care instruments in the ongoing Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa would have distinct advantages i …

Coastal eutrophication thresholds: a matter of sediment microbial processes.

In marine sediments, the major anaerobic mineralization processes are Fe(III) oxide reduction and sulfate reduction. In this article, we pro … e(III) oxides are reduced by sulfides. This chemical reduction leads to the formation and permanent burial of iron as solid iron sulfides that are unable to capture phosphorus. In addition, the cycling of iron is blocked, and phosphorus is released to overlying water. Owing to the enrichment of phosphorus in water, the nitrogen : phosphorus ratio is lowe …

Mass fatality management following the South Asian tsunami disaster: case studies in Thailand, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka.

BACKGROUND: Following natural disasters, mismanagement of the dead has consequences for the psychological well-being of survivors. However, … soon enough after the disaster, necessitating the use of other methods such as dry ice or temporary burial. No country had sufficient forensic capacity to identify thousands of victims. Rapid decomposition made visual identification almost impossible after 24-48 h. In Thailand, most forensic identification was made using dental and fingerprint data. Few …

Abandonment of newborn infants: a Danish forensic medical survey 1997-2008.

Concealment of pregnancy and newborn infant abandonment are closely associated with neonaticide, the killing of an infant within the first 24 h of life or less than 28-30 days depending on the jurisdiction. Abandonment of newborn infants occurs throughout the world and often the outcome for the infant is death. Together with neonaticide it is felt to be one of the least preventable crimes. In this retrospective study we present all forensically known Danish cases of abandoned newborn infant corpses, covering the period from 1997 to 2008. Eleven newborn infant corpses were found; we registered

Evaluation of swine carcass disposal using mobile incinerators.

In the event of an animal disease outbreak such as African Swine Fever (ASF), many thousands of swine may succumb to the disease or need to be euthanized to contain the outbreak. Swine mortalities will need to be properly and quickly disposed of to limit spread of the disease and mitigate environmental impacts. On-site carcass disposal options such as composting and burial eliminate the need to transport the carcasses over roadways, thus reducing biosecurity concerns. Another on-site animal carcass disposal option being considered is the use of mobile incinerators/cremators. Field tests were c…

Ancient DNA Study in Medieval Europeans Shows an Association Between HLA-DRB1*03 and Paratyphoid Fever.

Outbreaks of infectious diseases repeatedly affected medieval Europe, leaving behind a large number of dead often inhumed in mass graves. Human remains interred in two burial pits from 14th century CE Germany exhibited molecular evidence of Salmonella enterica Paratyphi C (S. Paratyphi C) infection. The pathogen is responsible for paratyphoid fever, which was likely the cause of death for the buried individuals. This finding presented the unique opportunity to conduct a paratyphoid fever association study in a European population. We focused on HLA-DRB1*03:01 that is a known risk allele for en…

Exploring late Paleolithic and Mesolithic diet in the Eastern Alpine region of Italy through multiple proxies.

OBJECTIVES: The analysis of prehistoric human dietary habits is key for understanding the effects of paleoenvironmental changes on the evolu … he sites of Riparo Tagliente (Verona), Riparo Villabruna, and Mondeval de Sora (Belluno). The three burials provide a unique dataset for diachronically exploring the influence of climatic changes on human subsistence strategies. RESULTS: Isotopic results indicate that all individuals likely relied on both terrestrial and freshwater animal proteins. Even …

Preparing towards Preventing and Containing an Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak: What Socio-cultural Practices May Affect Containment Efforts in Ghana?

BACKGROUND: Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is a condition with high fatality. Though the disease is deadly, taking precautions to reduce contact … rk analysis. RESULTS: We found that socio-cultural practices, such as care of the body of dead and burial practices, widowhood rites and anointing children with water used to rinse the dead, were common. These practices require individuals coming into direct contact with either the dead or items used to take care of the dead. Social norms also require f …

Erythropoietin accelerates functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury.

BACKGROUND: Erythropoietin is a naturally occurring hormone with multiple effects on a number of different cell types. Recent data have sugg … (3) transection of the sciatic nerve followed by epineural repair, or (4) a transection followed by burial of the proximal stump in the adjacent muscle tissue (neurectomy). Either erythropoietin or saline solution was administered to the mice in each of these experimental groups twenty-four hours preinjury, immediately after surgical creation of the inju …

TdGASA2, a cysteine-rich Snakin/GASA protein from Triticum turgidum, enhances stress-mediated inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes and improves the preservation performance of chitosan-based biodegradable active packaging films.

The growing demand for natural, sustainable food preservation strategies has intensified research into plant-derived antimicrobial proteins … d structure-property relationships in the literature; the films also maintained a high rate of soil-burial mass loss and macro-disintegration (>92% after 10 days), which reflects overall gravimetric mass reduction rather than confirmed biodegradation in the absence of an abiotic soil control. In a 10-day refrigerated chicken breast storage trial, TdGASA2 …

The influence of activity levels on humeral retroversion: a bioarchaeological study.

Increases in humeral retroversion have been suggested to result from certain shoulder activities, especially throwing. Could retroversion al … ry high entheseal score group (p = 0.000001). There were no differences by sex, laterality, age, or burial cemetery. We hypothesize that those who were able to live to old age were better resourced with lower physical demands than other members of the community and thus developed less retroversion. Our results also indirectly support the postulate that a …

Development of garlic extract-loaded zinc oxide nanoparticle/chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposite-based active eco-friendly packaging films for extending shelf-life of fish fillets.

This study presents the design and functional evaluation of a biodegradable nanocomposite film (CPZG) composed of chitosan, polyvinyl alcoho … aining within regulatory safety limits, ensuring food contact compliance. Biodegradation under soil burial conditions resulted in a 26.92 % weight loss over 21 days, with minimal ZnONP leaching, indicating the film's environmental safety. Overall, the CPZG film integrates mechanical durability, broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, controlled release, f …

Excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic in low-and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Although the COVID-19 pandemic claimed a great deal of lives, it is still unclear how it affected mortality in low- and lower-mi … ded civil registration systems, surveys, public cemeteries, funeral counts, obituary notifications, burial site imaging, and demographic surveillance systems. The primary techniques used to estimate excess mortality were statistical forecast modelling and geospatial analysis. One out of the 24 studies found higher excess mortality in urban settings. CON …

Characteristics of soil salinity and water-salt transport in the vadose zone of salt-impacted regions with variable permeability.

Soil salinization poses a significant ecological challenge, emerging as a critical constraint to agricultural development in the arid and se … the local context. The findings revealed a progression of increasing soil complexity and decreasing burial depth of clay layers from northwest to southeast, aligned with the direction of groundwater flow. With increasing depth, a noticeable reduction in soil saturated hydraulic conductivity was observed, indicating significant variability in permeability …

Evaluating the risk of conflict on recent Ebola outbreaks in Guinea and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

BACKGROUND: Reducing Ebola virus transmission relies on the ability to identify cases and limit contact with infected bodily fluids through biosecurity, safe sex practices, safe burial and vaccination. Armed conflicts can complicate outbreak detection and interventions due to widespread disruption to governments and populations. Guinea and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) have historically reported the largest and the most recent Ebola virus outbreaks. Understanding if conflict played a role in these outbreaks may help in identifying key risks factors to improve disease control. MET…

An investigation of the inter and intra post-mortem microstructural change seen in an experimental series of pigs exposed to a marine environment.

The identification of marine post-mortem microstructural change in human bone tissue is valuable in forensic casework as evidence of an individual's burial history. This study examined micro-tunneling in pig-bone tissue microstructure that had been submerged in a marine environment. The objective of the experiment was to assess total distribution of post-mortem microstructural change and degree of preservation within and between individual submerged pig skeletons. 14 juvenile pig carcasses were submerged in British Columbia at 92-300 m depths, between four to eight months. Seven pigs were indi…

2017 Bangladesh landslides: physical rehabilitation perspective.

PURPOSE: This report describes the general impact and direct health effects including death and traumatic injuries on populations impacted b … NS: Most fatalities in the 2017 Bangladesh landslides were due to suffocation and asphyxiation from burial. In Rangamati District, 6343 persons with minor injuries were treated in 22 emergency shelters. One hundred fifty-four injuries were treated at Rangamati General Hospital and 12 of the most severely injured persons were referred to regional tertiary …

A practical community-based response strategy to interrupt Ebola transmission in sierra Leone, 2014-2015.

BACKGROUND: The Ebola virus disease spread rapidly in West Africa in 2014, leading to the loss of thousands of lives. Community engagement w … %, and no third generation of infection was triggered. No health worker was infected, and no unsafe burial and noncompliance to EVD control measures were recorded. The community-based measures were modeled to reduce 77 EVD cases, and the EVD-free goal was achieved four months earlier in study communities than whole country of Sierra Leone. CONCLUSIONS: …

Mustard gas: imminent danger or eminent threat?

OBJECTIVE: To increase awareness of the widespread environmental prevalence of the chemical warfare agent mustard gas, examine the acute and … left to decay in storage facilities. There are documented and anecdotal reports of chemical weapon burial sites and ocean dumps across the globe spanning from the Arctic Circle to Australia. Numerous accidental exposures have occurred over the past decade. Mustard gas is corrosive to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. Extensive exposures can also af …