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Monitoring the evolution of vaccine-derived poliovirus in East and Southern African countries, 2010 - 2021.

INTRODUCTION: the Africa region was certified indigenous wild poliovirus-free in August 2020. Countries in East and Southern Africa have, during acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and environmental surveillance (ES), detected equally concerning vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) that have not been systematically documented to guide programming in the sub-region. The study documents trends and salient observations of the VDPVs by country of detection, for 11 years from 2010 to 2021. METHODS: we conducted secondary data analysis, a descriptive study design, by deploying field and laboratory of AFP…

Poliovirus on the rise in Pakistan amidst unprecedented floods and COVID-19 pandemic: An urgent concern.

BACKGROUND: Poliomyelitis is always a great concern in Pakistan and is a public health emergency. COVID-19 and recent floods have increased the challenge. AIM: This article highlights the situation of polio in Pakistan and also recommends several steps to eradicate the disease as early as possible. METHODOLOGY: Selected articles were selected from electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus using keywords such as Wild Poliovirus, Vaccine Derived Polio Infection, Acute Flaccid Paralysis, Vaccine, and Pakistan. RESULT: Polio infection has two types, wild poliovirus and vac…

Natural inactivation of MS2, poliovirus type 1 and Cryptosporidium parvum in an anaerobic and reduced aquifer.

AIMS: The study of microbial inactivation rates in aquifer systems has most often been determined in aerobic and oxidized systems. This study examined the inactivation (i.e. loss of infectivity) of MS2, poliovirus type 1 (PV1) and Cryptosporidium parvum in an anaerobic and reduced groundwater system that has been identified as storage zones for aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) facilities. METHODS AND RESULTS: Anaerobic and reduced (ORP < - 250 mV) groundwater from an artesian well was diverted to an above-ground, flow-through mesocosm that contained diffusion chambers filled with MS2, PV1 o…

Seroprevalence of poliovirus antibodies before and after polio vaccine switch in 2012 and 2017 in Beijing.

In 2000, China was declared polio-free. However, in 2018, wild poliovirus (WPV) was still endemic in two of its neighboring countries, making WPV importation and outbreak alarming possibilities. This study documents the seroprevalence of poliovirus antibodies before and after the polio vaccine switch in 2012 and 2017 in Beijing. Cross-sectional population-based serologic surveys were conducted in 2012 and 2017 in Beijing. The study subjects were selected from 10 different age groups (<1, 1-4, 5-9, 10-14, 15-19, 20-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35-39, and ≥40 y) using a multi-stage-stratified sampling meth…

A Health Economic Analysis for Oral Poliovirus Vaccine to Prevent COVID-19 in the United States.

COVID-19 led to a recent high-profile proposal to reintroduce oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) in the United States (U.S.), initially in clinical trials, but potentially for widespread and repeated use. We explore logistical challenges related to U.S. OPV administration in 2020, review the literature related to nonspecific effects of OPV to induce innate immunity, and model the health and economic implications of the proposal. The costs of reintroducing a single OPV dose to 331 million Americans would exceed $4.4 billion. Giving a dose of bivalent OPV to the entire U.S. population would lead to a…

FUT2 Secretor Status Is Not Associated With Oral Poliovirus Vaccine Immunogenicity in South Indian Infants.

FUT2 determines whether histo-blood group antigens are secreted at mucosal surfaces. Secretor status influences susceptibility to enteric viruses, potentially including oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). We performed a nested case-control study to determine the association between FUT2 genotype (single-nucleotide polymorphisms G428A, C302T, and A385T) and seroconversion among Indian infants who received a single dose of monovalent type 3 OPV. Secretor prevalence was 75% (89 of 118) in infants who seroconverted and 80% (97 of 122) in infants who did not seroconvert (odds ratio, 0.79; 95% confidence…

Multiple poliovirus-induced organelles suggested by comparison of spatiotemporal dynamics of membranous structures and phosphoinositides.

At the culmination of poliovirus (PV) multiplication, membranes are observed that contain phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI4P) and appear as vesicular clusters in cross section. Induction and remodeling of PI4P and membranes prior to or concurrent with genome replication has not been well studied. Here, we exploit two PV mutants, termed EG and GG, which exhibit aberrant proteolytic processing of the P3 precursor that substantially delays the onset of genome replication and/or impairs virus assembly, to illuminate the pathway of formation of PV-induced membranous structures. For WT PV, chang…

Pathogenic Events in a Nonhuman Primate Model of Oral Poliovirus Infection Leading to Paralytic Poliomyelitis.

Despite a great deal of prior research, the early pathogenic events in natural oral poliovirus infection remain poorly defined. To establish a model for study, we infected 39 macaques by feeding them single high doses of the virulent Mahoney strain of wild type 1 poliovirus. Doses ranging from 107 to 109 50% tissue culture infective doses (TCID50) consistently infected all the animals, and many monkeys receiving 108 or 109 TCID50 developed paralysis. There was no apparent difference in the susceptibilities of the three macaque species (rhesus, cynomolgus, and bonnet) used. Virus excretion in s…

Modeling the costs and benefits of temporary recommendations for poliovirus exporting countries to vaccinate international travelers.

Recognizing that infectious agents readily cross international borders, the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee issues Temporary Recommendations (TRs) that include vaccination of travelers from countries affected by public health emergencies, including serotype 1 wild polioviruses (WPV1s). This analysis estimates the costs and benefits of TRs implemented by countries with reported WPV1 during 2014-2016 while accounting for numerous uncertainties. We estimate the TR costs based on programmatic data and prior economic analyses and TR benefits by simulating potential WPV1 outbrea…

Short communication: Could the genexpert system be a new tool for poliovirus detection in the sewage water?

Environmental enterovirus surveillance plays a key role in the detection and identification of importation of circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses into polio-free areas. In 2015, 2 cases of paralytic poliomyelitis caused by circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 1 (cVDPV1), from south-western Ukraine, bordering Romania, were confirmed. Romania was considered a country at risk and the environmental enterovirus surveillance was enhanced. In this context we tried to find a diagnosis algorithm for the rapid detection of poliovirus (PV) in the sewage water, using a combination between a ra…

Human Circulating Antibody-Producing B Cell as a Predictive Measure of Mucosal Immunity to Poliovirus.

BACKGROUND: The "gold standard" for assessing mucosal immunity after vaccination with poliovirus vaccines consists in measuring virus excretion in stool after challenge with oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). This testing is time and resource intensive, and development of alternative methods is a priority for accelerating polio eradication. We therefore evaluated circulating antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) as a potential means to evaluate mucosal immunity to poliovirus vaccine. METHODS: 199 subjects, aged 10 years, and previously immunized repeatedly with OPV, were selected. Subjects were assigne…

The compatibility of inactivated-Enterovirus 71 vaccination with Coxsackievirus A16 and Poliovirus immunizations in humans and animals.

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the key pathogen for Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) and can result in severe neurological complications and d … . Here, we measured the neutralizing antibodies (NTAbs) against EV71, Coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) and Poliovirus from infants enrolled in those EV71 vaccine clinical trials. The results indicated that the levels of NTAb GMTs for EV71 increased significantly in all 3 vaccine groups (high, middle and low dosages, respectively) post-vaccination. Seroconversion ra …

Добавление цинка не приводит к повышению иммуногенности пероральной вакцины против полиомиелита: случайного контролируемого испытания.

СПРАВОЧНАЯ ИНФОРМАЦИЯ: Искоренение полиомиелита по-прежнему является одной из проблем в Пакистане, и причины, по которым не удается искоренить полиомиелит, являются сложными. Недоедание и нехватка питательных микроэлементов, особенно цинковая недостаточность, являются серьезными проблемами здравоохранения в Пакистане и потенциально могут повлиять на реакцию на вакцины против интракта, включая пероральную вакцину против полиомиелита (ОВП). ЦЕЛЬ: Оценка воздействия добавки цинка среди младенцев на иммунную реакцию на пероральную вакцину от полиомиелита (ОВП). МЕТОДЫ: У новорожденных (в возрасте

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
BACKGROUND: Polio eradication remains a challenge in Pakistan and the causes for the failure to eradicate poliomyelitis are complex. Undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies, especially zinc deficiency, are major public health problems in Pakistan and could potentially affect the response to enteric vaccines, including oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). OB…

Ethnic disparities in routine immunization coverage: a reason for persistent poliovirus circulation in Karachi, Pakistan?

Karachi is the only mega city in the world with persistent poliovirus transmission. We determined routine childhood immunization rates in Karachi and identified predictors of vaccine completion. A population-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in Karachi between August and September 2008. Data on demographics, socioeconomic, and DTP3 vaccination status in children 12 to 23 months old were collected. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of vaccination completion. Overall, 1401 participants were approached; 1391 consented to participate. Of these, 1038 (75%) were completely…

A statistical model of the international spread of wild poliovirus in Africa used to predict and prevent outbreaks.

BACKGROUND: Outbreaks of poliomyelitis in African countries that were previously free of wild-type poliovirus cost the Global Polio Eradication Initiative US$850 million during 2003-2009, and have limited the ability of the program to focus on endemic countries. A quantitative understanding of the factors that predict the distribution and timing of outbreaks will enable their prevention and facilitate the completion of global eradication. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Children with poliomyelitis in Africa from 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2010 were identified through routine surveillance of cases of…

Emergence and localized circulation of a vaccine-derived poliovirus in an isolated mountain community in Guangxi, China.

From March to May 2006, type 1 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) was isolated from one case patient with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and six unimmunized healthy contacts in isolated mountain villages in Guangxi, China. We conducted epidemiological investigations in the affected communities and nucleotide sequence analyses of the cVDPV isolates. The results of the investigations showed that the AFP patient, an unimmunized 10-year-old boy, and five laboratory-confirmed contacts lived in the same village; one contact lived in a neighboring village. Only approximately 27% of childre…

Completion of national laboratory inventories for wild poliovirus containment --- region of the Americas, March 2010.

In May 1988, the World Health Assembly resolved to eradicate wild poliovirus (WPV) transmission globally. By 2006, transmission of indigenous WPV was eliminated in all but four countries (Afghanistan, India, Nigeria, and Pakistan). In May 1999, the World Health Assembly urged member states to begin the process leading to laboratory containment of WPV. Containment of infectious and potentially infectious WPV materials after eradication is essential to minimize the risk for reintroducing WPV into poliomyelitis-free communities. The staged containment approach begins with a national survey of all…

[The spread of the wild Poliovirus in the rural environment, the case of the Adzopé health district, Côte d'Ivoire].

Wild Poliovirus spreading in rural environment in Adzopé, Côte d'Ivoire In order to determine the level of wild Poliovirus spreading among rural children in an endemic poliomyelitis country 469 stools samples, from children aged between three weeks and twelve years old were processed according to WHO procedures for transportation, conservation, isolation and identification of Poliovirus. Intratypic differenciation was performed by an antigenic method using monoclonal antibodies and a genomic RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism). 50 Poliovirus strains (10.7%) were isolated and analyz…

Contribution of second stool specimen to increased sensitivity of poliovirus detection in India, 1998-2000.

Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance data from India were analysed to examine sensitivity of poliovirus isolation from stool specimens and the added sensitivity obtained from collection of a second stool specimen. Analysis was restricted to Indian AFP cases, 1998-2000, with two adequate stool specimens. The proportion of cases confirmed with wild poliovirus isolation by the second specimen only was calculated, regardless of specimen quality. Overall specimen sensitivity (1998-2000) was 81% using the first specimen, 78% using the second, and 96% using both. Sensitivity increased from 1998…

[National Poliovirus Laboratory--the role of and performed investigations in the eradication of poliomyelitis in Poland 1998-2002].

In 2002 all the countries of the European Region were certified free of wild poliomyelitis virus transmission. In Poland the viral diagnosing, ensuing from coordinated by WHO eradication program, has been conducted exclusively by the National Poliovirus Laboratory (NPL) located in the Virology Department of National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw. In this report we describe diagnostic criteria as well as the scope of laboratory tests and procedures carried out by NPL from 1998 in order to obtain and maintain WHO accreditation. In addition we present a summary of laboratory findings in fecal samp…