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Hypothetical emergence of poliovirus in 2020: part 2. exploration of the potential role of vaccines in control and eradication.

OBJECTIVES: The emergence of human pathogens with pandemic potential motivates rapid vaccine development. We explore the role of vaccines in control and eradication of a novel emerging pathogen. METHODS: We hypothetically simulate emergence of a novel wild poliovirus (nWPV) in 2020 assuming an immunologically naïve population. Assuming different nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), we explore the impacts of vaccines resembling serotype-specific oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), novel OPV (nOPV), or inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV). RESULTS: Vaccines most effectively change the trajectory…

A Redundant Mechanism of Recruitment Underlies the Remarkable Plasticity of the Requirement of Poliovirus Replication for the Cellular ArfGEF GBF1.

The replication of many positive-strand RNA viruses [(+)RNA viruses] depends on the cellular protein GBF1, but its role in the replication process is not clear. In uninfected cells, GBF1 activates small GTPases of the Arf family and coordinates multiple steps of membrane metabolism, including functioning of the cellular secretory pathway. The nonstructural protein 3A of poliovirus and related viruses has been shown to directly interact with GBF1, likely mediating its recruitment to the replication complexes. Surprisingly, viral mutants with a severely reduced level of 3A-GBF1 interaction demon…

Assessing the Risk of Vaccine-derived Outbreaks After Reintroduction of Oral Poliovirus Vaccine in Postcessation Settings.

BACKGROUND: The Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategic Plan 2013-2018 calls for the gradual withdrawal of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) from routine immunization. We aimed to quantify the transmission potential of Sabin strains from OPV when it is reintroduced, accidentally or deliberately, in a community vaccinated with inactivated poliovirus vaccine alone. METHODS: We built an individual-based stochastic epidemiological model that allows independent spread of 3 Sabin serotypes and differential transmission rates within versus between households. Model parameters were estimated by fitting t…

The Immunogenicity of Fractional Intradermal Doses of the Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine Is Associated With the Size of the Intradermal Fluid Bleb.

The immunogenicity of fractional (one-fifth, 0.1 mL) intradermal doses of the inactivated poliovirus vaccine (ID fIPV) is positively correlated with the size of the intradermal fluid bleb. Training of vaccinators for campaign and routine ID fIPV administration should focus on generating an 8- to 10-mm bleb with each injection. Clinical Trials Registration NCT01847872.

Insights from a Systematic Search for Information on Designs, Costs, and Effectiveness of Poliovirus Environmental Surveillance Systems.

Poliovirus surveillance plays a critical role in achieving and certifying eradication and will play a key role in the polio endgame. Environmental surveillance can provide an opportunity to detect circulating polioviruses prior to the observation of any acute flaccid paralysis cases. We completed a systematic review of peer-reviewed publications on environmental surveillance for polio including the search terms "environmental surveillance" or "sewage," and "polio," "poliovirus," or "poliomyelitis," and compared characteristics of the resulting studies. The review included 146 studies represent…

A safe and reliable neutralization assay based on pseudovirus to measure neutralizing antibody titer against poliovirus.

With the promotion of inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine (IPV) and live attenuated oral poliomyelitis vaccine (OPV), the global reported cases of poliomyelitis have reduced sharply from 0.35 million in 1988 to 74 in 2015. The Polio Eradication & Endgame Strategic Plan published by WHO in 2013 included the strategy of implementation of poliovirus safe handling and containment measures to minimize the risks of facility-associated reintroduction of virus into the polio-free community to prevent the re-import of poliovirus. Toward this strategy, we produced replication-incompetent pseudovirus of po…

Двадцать восемь лет борьбы с полиомиелитом в лице-иммуноводе: воздействие на Глобальную инициативу по искоренению полиомиелита.

В настоящее время Всемирная организация здравоохранения и ее партнеры прилагают огромные усилия для полного искоренения полиомиелита во всем мире. С учетом значительного сокращения числа случаев полиомиелита в последние годы, вызванного диким полиомиелитом, более важное значение приобретают редкие случаи, связанные с применением пероральной вакцины против полиомиелита. Известно, что после иммунизации полиовирусные штаммы в пероральной вакцине быстро возвращаются к нейровирусному фенотипу. Эти штаммы могут передаваться от человека к человеку, приводящему к вспышкам полиомиелита, и могут в течен

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
There are currently huge efforts by the World Health Organization and partners to complete global polio eradication. With the significant decline in poliomyelitis cases due to wild poliovirus in recent years, rare cases related to the use of live-attenuated oral polio vaccine assume greater importance. Poliovirus strains in the oral vaccine are known to quic…

Comparison of microarray-predicted closest genomes to sequencing for poliovirus vaccine strain similarity and influenza A phylogeny.

We evaluate sequence data from the PathChip high-density hybridization array for epidemiological interpretation of detected pathogens. For influenza A, we derive similar relative outbreak clustering in phylogenetic trees from PathChip-derived compared to classical Sanger-derived sequences. For a positive polio detection, recent infection could be excluded based on vaccine strain similarity.

Environmental surveillance of poliovirus and non-polio enterovirus in urban sewage in Dakar, Senegal (2007-2013).

INTRODUCTION: Global poliomyelitis eradication initiative relies on (i) laboratory based surveillance of acute flaccid surveillance (AFP) to monitor the circulation of wild poliovirus in a population, and (ii) vaccination to prevent its diffusion. However, as poliovirus can survive in the environment namely in sewage, environmental surveillance (ES) is of growing importance as the eradication target is close. This study aimed to assess polioviruses and non polio enteroviruses circulation in sewage drains covering a significant population of Dakar. METHODS: From April 2007 to May 2013, 271 spe…

Cross-sectional serologic assessment of immunity to poliovirus infection in high-risk areas of northern India.

INTRODUCTION: The objectives of this survey were to assess the seroprevalence of antibodies to poliovirus types 1 and 3 and the impact of bivalent (types 1 and 3) oral poliovirus vaccine (bOPV) use in immunization campaigns in northern India. METHODS: In August 2010, a 2-stage stratified cluster sampling method identified infants aged 6-7 months in high-risk blocks for wild poliovirus infection. Vaccination history, weight and length, and serum were collected to test for neutralizing antibodies to poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3. RESULTS: Seroprevalences of antibodies to poliovirus types 1, 2, …

Outbreak of type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus in Nigeria: emergence and widespread circulation in an underimmunized population.

Wild poliovirus has remained endemic in northern Nigeria because of low coverage achieved in the routine immunization program and in supplementary immunization activities (SIAs). An outbreak of infection involving 315 cases of type 2 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV2; >1% divergent from Sabin 2) occurred during July 2005-June 2010, a period when 23 of 34 SIAs used monovalent or bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) lacking Sabin 2. In addition, 21 "pre-VDPV2" (0.5%-1.0% divergent) cases occurred during this period. Both cVDPV and pre-VDPV cases were clinically indistinguishable f…

Recombination between poliovirus and coxsackie A viruses of species C: a model of viral genetic plasticity and emergence.

Genetic recombination in RNA viruses was discovered many years ago for poliovirus (PV), an enterovirus of the Picornaviridae family, and studied using PV or other picornaviruses as models. Recently, recombination was shown to be a general phenomenon between different types of enteroviruses of the same species. In particular, the interest for this mechanism of genetic plasticity was renewed with the emergence of pathogenic recombinant circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs), which were implicated in poliomyelitis outbreaks in several regions of the world with insufficient vaccination …

Randomized controlled study of fractional doses of inactivated poliovirus vaccine administered intradermally with a needle in the Philippines.

OBJECTIVE: Comparison of a fractional inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) dose administered intradermally (ID) to a full dose administered intramuscularly (IM). METHODS: Healthy Filipino infants were randomized to receive IPV as either a fractional (1/5(th)) dose ID by needle injection or a full dose IM at 6, 10, and 14 weeks and a booster at 15-18 months of age. Pre- and post-vaccination anti-polio 1, 2, and 3 titers were estimated. Adverse events were monitored throughout the study. RESULTS: Following primary series vaccination, anti-polio 1, 2, and 3 titers were ≥8 (1/dil) in 99-100% of …

Randomized trial of type 1 and type 3 oral monovalent poliovirus vaccines in newborns in Africa.

BACKGROUND: The Global Polio Eradication Initiative aims to eradicate wild poliovirus by the end of 2012. Therefore, more-immunogenic polio vaccines, including monovalent oral poliovirus vaccines (mOPVs), are needed for supplemental immunization activities. This trial assessed the immunogenicity of monovalent types 1 and 3, compared with that of trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (tOPV), in South Africa. METHODS: We conducted a blinded, randomized, 4-arm controlled trial comparing the immunogenicity of a single dose of mOPV1 (from 2 manufacturers) and mOPV3 (from 1 manufacturer), given at birt…

Inhibition of encephalomyocarditis virus and poliovirus replication by quinacrine: implications for the design and discovery of novel antiviral drugs.

The 9-aminoacridine (9AA) derivative quinacrine (QC) has a long history of safe human use as an antiprotozoal and antirheumatic agent. QC in … Here, we show that QC suppresses translation directed by the encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) and poliovirus IRESs in a cell-free system and in virus-infected HeLa cells. In contrast, IRESs present in the mammalian p53 transcript that are predicted to have less-complex structures were not sensitive to QC. Inhibition of IRES-mediated translation by QC corre …

CpG oligodeoxynucleotides are a potent adjuvant for an inactivated polio vaccine produced from Sabin strains of poliovirus.

Poliovirus transmission is controlled globally through world-wide use of a live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV). However, the imminence of global poliovirus eradication calls for a switch to the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). Given the limited manufacturing capacity and high cost of IPV, this switch is unlikely in most developing and undeveloped countries. Adjuvantation is an effective strategy for antigen sparing. In this study, we evaluated the adjuvanticity of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) for an experimental IPV produced from Sabin strains of poliovirus. Our results showed that…

Poliovirus infection blocks ERGIC-to-Golgi trafficking and induces microtubule-dependent disruption of the Golgi complex.

Cells infected with poliovirus exhibit a rapid inhibition of protein secretion and disruption of the Golgi complex. Neither the precise step at which the virus inhibits protein secretion nor the fate of the Golgi complex during infection has been determined. We find that transport-vesicle exit from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and trafficking to the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) are unaffected in the poliovirus-infected cell. By contrast, poliovirus infection blocks transport from the ERGIC to the Golgi complex. Poliovirus infection also induces fragmentation of the Golgi complex…

Site analysis of recombinant and mutant poliovirus isolates of Sabin origin from patients and from vaccinees.

Recombination in vaccine strains of polioviruses is a very frequent phenomenon. In the present report, 12 strains isolated from patients after OPV administration and healthy vaccinees were investigated for the identification of recombinant strains as well as for the further analysis of their recombination types and the localization of the recombination sites. The identification of these strains was achieved through reverse transcription, polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism assays applied to four sequences of the viral genome, which are located in 5'UTR, VP3-V…

An increase in selenium intake improves immune function and poliovirus handling in adults with marginal selenium status.

BACKGROUND: Dietary selenium intakes in many countries, including the United Kingdom, are lower than international recommendations. No funct … e responses were unaffected. Selenium-supplemented subjects also showed more rapid clearance of the poliovirus, and the poliovirus reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction products recovered from the feces of the supplemented subjects contained a lower number of mutations. CONCLUSIONS: The data indicate that these subjects had a functional selenium d …