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Detection of viruses and body fluids which may contain viruses in the domestic environment.

The domestic environment was investigated for the presence of viruses and body fluids that may contain viruses. A range of surfaces in 39 homes (17 visited on 2 occasions) were sampled by swabbing and analysed using cell culture, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for enteroviral RNA, haemoglobin as a marker for blood, amylase as an indicator of urine, saliva and sweat, and protein as an indicator of general hygiene. Haemoglobin was found on 1.9% of surfaces sampled and of the positive samples 30% were from articles frequently handled. Amylase (> 5 U/l) was found in 29.3% of sampl

Generation and transmission of Rift Valley fever viral reassortants by the mosquito Culex pipiens.

Reassortant viruses containing heterologous S and M genomic RNA segments were obtained from both mosquito and vertebrate hosts that had been coinfected with Egyptian and Senegalese strains of Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus. The origin of the S and M RNA segments in each plaque-cloned virus was determined with monoclonal antibodies capable of differentiating the nucleocapsid protein (S segment marker) or the G1 glycoprotein (M segment marker) of the parental strains. In the mosquito Culex pipiens, reassortants were detected after sequential ingestion of parental viruses by interrupted feeding on

Is HIV unique or merely different?

The HIV epidemic is similar to previous human epidemics, and our early responses to the HIV epidemic have likewise been similar. Furthermore, HIV is similar to other single-stranded RNA viruses in its evolution. Like other RNA viruses, HIV has a high mutation rate and thus evolves rapidly. This rapid evolution may make it difficult to develop a successful vaccine against HIV, and perhaps may also limit the usefulness of drugs because of the appearance of resistant mutants. However, most of the variation in HIV nucleotide sequences is neutral, not adaptive. Other viruses in the same retrovirus …

A novel viral vaccine platform based on engineered transfer RNA.

In recent years, an increasing number of emerging and remerging virus outbreaks have occurred and the rapid development of vaccines against these viruses has been crucial. Controlling the replication of premature termination codon (PTC)-containing viruses is a promising approach to generate live but replication-defective viruses that can be used for potent vaccines. Here, we used anticodon-engineered transfer RNAs (ACE-tRNAs) as powerful precision switches to control the replication of PTC-containing viruses. We showed that ACE-tRNAs display higher potency of reading through PTCs than genetic

First European Identification of a Partial Tacheng Tick Virus 8-like Underscores the Hidden Burden of Tick-Borne Flavivirus-like Viruses.

Tick-associated viruses are an underexplored component of global viromes, and highly divergent RNA viruses often remain undetected due to low abundance and sequence divergence. Tacheng tick virus 8 (TcTV8) is a poorly characterized RNA flavivirus-like virus originally reported from Dermacentor-associated ticks in China, with few subsequent reports and no confirmed detections outside Asia. Here, we report the detection and partial genomic characterization of a TcTV8-like virus in ticks collected from Portugal. Sequence-independent (SISPA) nanopore sequencing of individual ticks recovered three …

First detection and characterization of Bovine parvovirus 2 and Bopivirus A in a neonatal calf with diarrhea in Iran through metagenomic RNA-seq.

Bovine parvovirus 2 (BoPV-2), officially classified as Ungulate copiparvovirus 1 by the ICTV, and Bopivirus A, a recently recognized picornavirus, are poorly characterized viruses sporadically reported in cattle worldwide. Here, we describe the first detection of BoPV-2 and Bopivirus A in Iran-and potentially the Middle East-through RNA-seq analysis of a diarrheic neonatal calf. Four BoPV-2 contigs (82-85% nucleotide identity; 91-100% amino acid identity) were identified, clustering within the Ungulate copiparvovirus 1 clade, while the Bopivirus sequence grouped with Chinese strains BoP8 and B

Inhibition of influenza virus replication by nitric oxide.

Nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of influenza virus-induced pneumonia in mouse models. Here we show that replication of influenza A and B viruses in Mabin Darby canine kidney cells is severely impaired by the NO donor, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine. Reduction of productively infected cells and virus production proved to correlate with inhibition of viral RNA synthesis, indicating that NO affects an early step in the replication cycle of influenza viruses.

Limited high-throughput screening compatibility of the phenuivirus cap-binding domain.

Bunyaviruses constitute a large and diverse group of viruses encompassing many emerging pathogens, such as Rift Valley fever virus (family Phenuiviridae), with public and veterinary health relevance but with very limited medical countermeasures are available. For the development of antiviral strategies, the identification and validation of virus-specific targets would be of high value. The cap-snatching mechanism is an essential process in the life cycle of bunyaviruses to produce capped mRNAs, which are then recognized and translated into viral proteins by the host cell translation machinery.

Circular RNAs in virus-induced cancers: From mechanism to clinical implications.

Viruses, during their lifecycle, are continuously dependent on host machinery for their survival. Sometimes this dependency leads to uncontrolled cell proliferation in the host, accounting for 12% of virus-associated cancers. Since early times, viruses have been known to produce proteins and dysregulate host proteins, but what is new to the field is the addition of a circular regulatory RNA called "circRNA". circular RNAs, due to their structure-associated stability and specificity for various cancers, are key RNA molecules for researchers seeking to understand the complex outcomes of virus-as

Molecular Evolution and Epidemiology of Norovirus GII.4 Viruses in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Noroviruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide, with GII.4 Sydney viruses responsible for the majority of infections until 2023. METHODS: To study the evolutionary dynamics of GII.4 noroviruses in the United States (2011-2023), we sequenced and analyzed 406 VP1 and 335 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase sequences submitted to CaliciNet. RESULTS: Time-scale analysis showed that the average evolutionary rate of GII.4 strains was 5.56 × 10-3 substitutions per site per year. GII.4 Sydney viruses circulated throughout the entire study period albeit with 4 polymerase ty

Utility of Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing for Etiological Diagnosis of Patients with Sepsis in Intensive Care Units.

The performance of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) was evaluated and compared with that of conventional culture testing in patients with sepsis. Prospective blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples from 50 patients with sepsis were tested using cultures (bacterial, fungal, and viral) and mNGS of microbial DNA (blood and BALF) and RNA (BALF). mNGS had higher detection rates than blood culture (88.0% versus 26.0%, P < 0.001) and BALF culture (92.0% versus 76.0%, P = 0.054). RNA-based mNGS has increased the detection rate of several bacteria, fungi, and viruses, but not

Геномический анализ разнообразия позволяет разработать пандемические датчики Тогольда РНК.

Вирус Денге (DENV), как и многие другие вирусы РНК, отличается высоким разнообразием геномной последовательности. Это затрудняет диагностику на основе нуклеиновой кислоты, что делает их неэффективными при обнаружении различных штаммов ДЕНВ, циркулирующих в популяции. В этом исследовании мы решим эту проблему, разработав сенсорный анализ Тохольда, который показывает, что, несмотря на значительное геномное разнообразие, мы можем обнаружить ~99,4% всех штаммов DENV. С этой целью наш индивидуальный рабочий процесс сначала определяет относительно сохранившиеся короткие протяженности (36-nt) во всех

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
The Dengue virus (DENV) like many other RNA viruses exhibits high genome sequence diversity. This poses a challenge to nucleic acid-based diagnostics, rendering them inefficient at detecting the diverse DENV strains circulating in a population. In this study, we address this challenge by developing a Toehold sensor assay that despite significant genomic dive…

Detection of Torque Teno Sus Virus1 by an RNA in situ hybridization assay.

Torque Teno viruses (TTVs) are ubiquitous, small DNA viruses which are highly epidemiologically associated with respiratory infections, hepatitis, neurological disease and autoimmune disorders in humans and animals. Swine TTVs (TTSuVs) can be considered opportunistic pathogens as they exacerbate clinical signs due to coinfecting agents. While further understanding of how TTVs contribute to disease is crucial, there is a notable lack of animal models and tools to study the in vivo infection patterns of TTV. RNA in situ hybridization (RNA-ISH) with multiple probe amplification has recently gaine

Conserved sequences and coding of two strains of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (WE and ARM) and Pichinde arenavirus.

Analyses of the 3' end sequences of the small, S, and large, L, RNA species of lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus isolates ARM and WE, and DNA clones of LCM-WE, have shown that there are extensive RNA sequence homologies between the 3' ends of the two RNA species of both LCM strains. Limited sequence data of DNA clones representing the LCM-WE L RNA species indicate that a gene product (presumably the minor 200 kdalton virion protein) is coded in a viral-complementary mRNA species. Sequence analyses of LCM-WE S DNA clones indicate that approximately 50% of the 2040 nucleotides representin

A novel in vitro system for simultaneous infections with hepatitis B, C, D and E viruses.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The liver, and more precisely hepatocytes, can be infected by several hepatotropic viruses, including HBV, HDV, HCV and HEV, with chronic infection leading to end-stage liver diseases. Since no in vitro model allowing multi-infections with the four viruses is reported, limited data are available on their interplay as well as on the potential cross-reactivity of antivirals in multi-infection cases. The aim of our study was to set up such a model. METHODS: HuH7.5-NTCP cells were cultured with 2% DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) for 1 week to allow partial differentiation into hepato

Common, emerging, vector-borne and infrequent abortogenic virus infections of cattle.

This review deals with the aetiology and the diagnosis of bovine viral abortion. While the abortion rates on beef and dairy cattle farms usually do not exceed 10%, significant economic losses because of abortion storms may be encountered. Determining the cause of abortions is usually a challenge, and it generally remains obscure in more than 50% of the necropsy submitted foetuses. Bovine viral diarrhoea virus and bovine herpesvirus-1 are the most common viruses causally associated with bovine abortions in farmed cattle globally. Rift Valley fever virus and bluetongue virus are important insect

Novel approaches to mitigate primer interaction and eliminate inhibitors in multiplex PCR, demonstrated using an assay for detection of three strawberry viruses.

Multiplex PCR is an important technique for detecting a variety of pathogens simultaneously in a single assay. Previous research has focused on optimising the factors affecting reliable multiplex PCR, including primer design, PCR components and conditions, and inhibitors in samples. In this study, the interaction of primers to form complex secondary structures including visible dimers and invisible "primer clusters", a novel form of primer secondary structure found during this research, were shown to be the most important factors affecting successful multiplex PCR. Approaches to mitigate prime

Variable response of normal and transformed mouse cells to interferon inducers.

Balb/3T3 mouse cells, normal and SV40-transformed, produced interferon when induced with Newcastle disease and influenza viruses; transformed cells failed to respond to double-stranded RNA inducers.

Vaccinia Virus Attenuation by Codon Deoptimization of the A24R Gene for Vaccine Development.

Poxviruses have large DNA genomes, and they are able to infect multiple vertebrate and invertebrate animals, including humans. Despite the e … implementation as vaccines and/or vaccines vectors. We and others have previously demonstrated how RNA viruses encoding codon-deoptimized viral genes are attenuated, immunogenic and able to protect, upon a single administration, against challenge with parental viruses. In this study, we employed the same experimental approach based on the use of misrepresent …

Grapevine-associated picorna-like virus, an unusual virus identified in wine grapes (Vitis vinifera L.).

A new picorna-like virus was identified in grapevines from a 21-year-old 'Tempanillo' block in eastern Oregon exhibiting leaf chlorosis and interveinal reddening, through the high-throughput sequencing (HTS) of the total RNA. This new virus was named grapevine-associated picorna-like virus (GaPLV). GaPLV has a monopartite, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome of 9021-nt, with a single open reading frame encoding a polyprotein that encompasses an RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP), a helicase, a chymotrypsin-like protease, and three capsid proteins. The arrangement of these conserved dom