Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons · 2026
Stereophotogrammetry as a Precise and Accurate Method for Facial Analysis in Patients With Cleft Lip and Palate Undergoing Orthognathic Surgery.
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Mariotto Lígia Gabrielle Sanches, Reis de Araújo Carvalho Luciano, de Paula Oliveira Gringo Caroline, Faria Yaedú Renato Yassutaka
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Stereophotogrammetry is a promising tool for orthognathic surgical planning. However, its application in patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP) still requires validation.
PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and precision of portable stereophotogrammetry system (PSP) in facial analysis of patients with CLP.
STUDY DESIGN, SETTING, AND SAMPLE: This is a cross-sectional study with patients with nonsyndromic CLP and skeletal Class III. Exclusion criteria included syndromic CLP, facial hair, mustaches, absence of the right upper central incisor, or use of facial prosthetics. The study was conducted at the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, Bauru, Brazil.
PREDICTOR VARIABLES: The predictor variable was the facial measurement method, PSP, or digital caliper.
OUTCOME VARIABLES: The primary outcome was accuracy, assessed by comparing PSP measurements with those obtained by digital calipers and categorized as excellent (<1.0 mm), good (1.0 to 2.0 mm), moderate (2.0 to 3.0 mm), or unsatisfactory (>3.0 mm). The secondary outcome was precision, evaluated through mean absolute deviation (MAD) and mean relative error (MRE). MAD used the same thresholds as accuracy, while MRE was classified as excellent (<3%), good (3 to 5%), moderate (5 to 10%), or unsatisfactory (>10%).
COVARIATES: The covariates included age, sex, and the type of cleft (complete unilateral or bilateral).
ANALYSES: Statistical tests were applied based on data distribution (Shapiro-Wilk, Student's t test, and Mann-Whitney U test), with the significance level set at P < .05.
RESULTS: The sample comprised 11 subjects with a mean age of 23.0 years (±6.43); 6 (54.5%) were male. Regarding accuracy, 6 of 15 measurements were classified as excellent, 2 as good, and 3 as moderate. Four were unsatisfactory: Al-Al (6.04 mm), Sti-Me (5.81 mm), Me-C (9.03 mm), and UR1s (3.83 mm). Regarding precision, 13 (86.7%) measurements showed excellent MAD values, whereas MRE indicated excellent or good precision in 8 measurements (53.3%).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The results indicate that the PSP achieves acceptable levels of accuracy and precision for facial analysis in patients with CLP and can be integrated with other technologies for 3-dimensional planning.
PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and precision of portable stereophotogrammetry system (PSP) in facial analysis of patients with CLP.
STUDY DESIGN, SETTING, AND SAMPLE: This is a cross-sectional study with patients with nonsyndromic CLP and skeletal Class III. Exclusion criteria included syndromic CLP, facial hair, mustaches, absence of the right upper central incisor, or use of facial prosthetics. The study was conducted at the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, Bauru, Brazil.
PREDICTOR VARIABLES: The predictor variable was the facial measurement method, PSP, or digital caliper.
OUTCOME VARIABLES: The primary outcome was accuracy, assessed by comparing PSP measurements with those obtained by digital calipers and categorized as excellent (<1.0 mm), good (1.0 to 2.0 mm), moderate (2.0 to 3.0 mm), or unsatisfactory (>3.0 mm). The secondary outcome was precision, evaluated through mean absolute deviation (MAD) and mean relative error (MRE). MAD used the same thresholds as accuracy, while MRE was classified as excellent (<3%), good (3 to 5%), moderate (5 to 10%), or unsatisfactory (>10%).
COVARIATES: The covariates included age, sex, and the type of cleft (complete unilateral or bilateral).
ANALYSES: Statistical tests were applied based on data distribution (Shapiro-Wilk, Student's t test, and Mann-Whitney U test), with the significance level set at P < .05.
RESULTS: The sample comprised 11 subjects with a mean age of 23.0 years (±6.43); 6 (54.5%) were male. Regarding accuracy, 6 of 15 measurements were classified as excellent, 2 as good, and 3 as moderate. Four were unsatisfactory: Al-Al (6.04 mm), Sti-Me (5.81 mm), Me-C (9.03 mm), and UR1s (3.83 mm). Regarding precision, 13 (86.7%) measurements showed excellent MAD values, whereas MRE indicated excellent or good precision in 8 measurements (53.3%).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The results indicate that the PSP achieves acceptable levels of accuracy and precision for facial analysis in patients with CLP and can be integrated with other technologies for 3-dimensional planning.