Segment-specific versus global cervical paraspinal muscle degeneration predicts sagittal balance and functional recovery after posterior surgery.

STUDY

DESIGN

Retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE

To compare the prognostic value of localized C4 fatty infiltration (C4_FI) versus a composite global fatty infiltration index (PC1) for cervical sagittal parameters and functional recovery following posterior cervical surgery. Paraspinal muscle degeneration impairs cervical lordosis and postoperative outcomes. Although global fatty infiltration (FI) is recognized as a predictor of malalignment, the clinical relevance of level-specific FI remains unclear.

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed 179 patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy treated by laminoplasty from 2017-2025. Preoperative JOA scores, disease duration, surgical procedure, and follow-up duration were recorded. Preoperative radiographs assessed C2-7 lordosis (CL), sagittal vertical axis (SVA), and T1 slope. MRI quantified FI from C3-C6; PC1 represented global FI. Individual-level FI (C3-C6) was compared using AIC to identify the optimal predictive segment. Stepwise and multivariable regressions (adjusted for JOA baseline and disease duration) identified independent predictors. Incremental model value was quantified by ΔAUC, AIC, and BIC with DeLong tests.

RESULTS

FI values were strongly correlated (r = 0.53-0.77). PCA identified PC1 accounting for 77.5% variance, most heavily weighted on C4_FI (loading 0.532). Among individual levels, C4_FI showed the lowest AIC for all three sagittal outcomes, supporting C4_FI as the most informative single-level FI marker among C3-C6 in this dataset. Multivariable regression showed C4_FI independently predicted CL (p = 0.015) and T1 slope (p = 0.035), while PC1 was linked to SVA. For functional recovery, C4_FI (OR = 1.12 per 1% FI, p < 0.001) was the strongest predictor. Adding FI to the clinical+sagittal model improved AUC from 0.739 to 0.808 (ΔAUC = +0.069, DeLong p < 0.001). Traditional sagittal parameters (CL, SVA, T1 slope) showed limited independent predictive value for functional outcomes.

CONCLUSION

C4_FI and PC1 provide complementary but non-additive information: localized C4 degeneration was more closely associated with lordosis and T1 slope, whereas global FI appeared more related to anterior head translation.Both demonstrated stronger predictive value for functional recovery than conventional sagittal parameters. Routine FI assessment may refine risk stratification and surgical decision-making in cervical myelopathy.