New Paradigms in the Continuum of Spine Care: From Newborns to Elderly Patients.

The evaluation and management of spinal disorders is complex and constantly evolving. Back pain and spinal deformity are substantial contributors to hospital and outpatient physician visits even for young patients. With new insights into the etiology, clinical presentation, and evaluation, children can be more accurately diagnosed and treated. Patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis may undergo selective fusion to preserve motion segments, and in some cases, vertebral body tethering or other growth-modification techniques may provide correction with motion preservation in this rapidly changing specialty. The understanding of spinopelvic parameters (pelvic incidence, pelvic tilt, sacral slope) and sagittal balance as they relate to clinical health status has provided surgeons with valuable guidance when managing pediatric and adult spinal deformity. An evidence-based approach to the management of spinal disorders across the continuum of ages has the goal of improving the value of care through optimization of outcomes and limitation of costs and complications. There are new paradigms in the management of spinal disorders and evidence-based approaches to the evaluation and management of patients across the ages.