Journal of ethnopharmacology · 2026
Botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, toxicity, quality control, clinical application and novel preparations of Sinomenii Caulis: An updated review.
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Zhen Xudong, Wei Wei, Liu Lu, Fu Jiayu, Wang Jialing, Hao Zhiyuan, Ogaji Omachi Daniel, Du Kunze, Chang Yanxu
Аннотация
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Sinomenii Caulis (SC), a traditional ethnic herb, is derived from the dried stems of Sinomenium acutum (Thunb.) Rehd. et Wils. and Sinomenium acutum (Thunb.) Rehd. et Wils. var. Cinereum Rehd. et Wils. SC is extensively documented in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia for its traditional use in dispelling wind and dampness, as well as alleviating symptoms associated with rheumatic disorders, such as joint swelling and pruritus. SC contains a diverse array of alkaloids, among which sinomenine (SIN) is recognized as its primary quality marker.
THE AIM OF THE STUDY: This review aims to provide an updated analysis and summary of the botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, toxicity, quality control, clinical applications, and novel preparations of SC. Special emphasis is placed on elucidating the anti-rheumatoid arthritis mechanisms of SC, providing multidimensional reference for future in-depth research and the efficient utilization of SC.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Literature related to SC was retrieved, compiled, and analyzed utilizing multiple databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and ancient texts and research reports up to April 2026.
RESULTS: To date, a total of 403 chemical constituents have been identified from SC, comprising 212 alkaloids, 142 volatile components, 19 phenylpropanoids, 7 triterpenoids, 9 quinones, 5 sterols, 4 butenolides, and 6 other compounds. Among these, SIN has been demonstrated pronounced efficacy in diverse pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammation, anti-tumor, neuroprotection, organ protection, immunomodulation, analgesia, and other pharmacological effects. SIN is widely used in clinical settings due to its favorable pharmacological properties, characterized by minimal side effects, a wide safety margin, mild gastrointestinal reactions, and rapid resolution of symptoms upon discontinuation of treatment. Furthermore, this review identifies current research limitations and future directions, laying the groundwork for further exploration, pharmaceutical applications, and product development of SC.
CONCLUSIONS: A comprehensive literature review shows that SC has multiple pharmacological activities and has special therapeutic effects on rheumatoid arthritis. However, current research focuses on the pharmacology of each component and rarely explores interactions or synergistic effects. Therefore, further research should focus on toxicology, pharmacokinetic studies of herbal drug interactions, and quality control in order to improve the safety and clinical application of SC. These efforts will promote quality standardization, new drug development, and clinical translation to advance the medical applications of SC.
THE AIM OF THE STUDY: This review aims to provide an updated analysis and summary of the botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, toxicity, quality control, clinical applications, and novel preparations of SC. Special emphasis is placed on elucidating the anti-rheumatoid arthritis mechanisms of SC, providing multidimensional reference for future in-depth research and the efficient utilization of SC.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Literature related to SC was retrieved, compiled, and analyzed utilizing multiple databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and ancient texts and research reports up to April 2026.
RESULTS: To date, a total of 403 chemical constituents have been identified from SC, comprising 212 alkaloids, 142 volatile components, 19 phenylpropanoids, 7 triterpenoids, 9 quinones, 5 sterols, 4 butenolides, and 6 other compounds. Among these, SIN has been demonstrated pronounced efficacy in diverse pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammation, anti-tumor, neuroprotection, organ protection, immunomodulation, analgesia, and other pharmacological effects. SIN is widely used in clinical settings due to its favorable pharmacological properties, characterized by minimal side effects, a wide safety margin, mild gastrointestinal reactions, and rapid resolution of symptoms upon discontinuation of treatment. Furthermore, this review identifies current research limitations and future directions, laying the groundwork for further exploration, pharmaceutical applications, and product development of SC.
CONCLUSIONS: A comprehensive literature review shows that SC has multiple pharmacological activities and has special therapeutic effects on rheumatoid arthritis. However, current research focuses on the pharmacology of each component and rarely explores interactions or synergistic effects. Therefore, further research should focus on toxicology, pharmacokinetic studies of herbal drug interactions, and quality control in order to improve the safety and clinical application of SC. These efforts will promote quality standardization, new drug development, and clinical translation to advance the medical applications of SC.