Integrated Breeding Approaches for Ascochyta Blight Resistance in Chickpea.

Ascochyta blight (AB), caused by the necrotrophic fungus [Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr.], is one of the most destructive diseases of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), causing yield losses of up to 100% under favorable conditions. The pathogen possesses a heterothallic mating system with two mating-type idiomorphs, MAT1-1 and MAT1-2, which contribute to high genetic diversity and the frequent breakdown of host resistance. This review summarizes current knowledge of AB biology, epidemiology, and management, highlighting recent advances in molecular diagnostics, host-pathogen interactions, and population dynamics. Conventional and modern detection methods, including PCR-based assays, field-deployable diagnostic tools, and high-throughput phenotyping approaches, are discussed. Resistance to AB is genetically complex and predominantly polygenic, involving multiple quantitative trait loci (QTLs), although major resistance genes have also been reported. Genomic tools such as QTL mapping, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and genomic selection have accelerated the identification of resistance loci and improved the efficiency of chickpea breeding. The potential of wild Cicer species as sources of novel resistance alleles is also emphasized. Integrating genetic resistance with effective disease monitoring and management strategies remains essential for sustainable AB control and the development of durable resistant cultivars.