From guillotine to EEG: Revisiting the neurological controversies of decapitation through modern neurophysiology.

The question of whether consciousness persists after decapitation has fascinated scientists, philosophers, and the public for over two centuries, from 18th-century debates over the guillotine to modern neurophysiological studies of cerebral ischemia. This review synthesizes historical controversies-such as the anecdotal reports of facial movements in severed heads and early galvanism experiments-with modern neurophysiological evidence to reinterpret the mechanisms underlying the loss of consciousness. We trace the evolution of hypotheses from initial philosophical speculations to electroencephalography-based debates and finally to contemporary neuroimaging of the "wave of death" (irreversible neuronal depolarization at ∼27 s post-decapitation). By integrating comparative studies across species (rats, lambs, humans) and clinical parallels (brain death, traumatic brain injury), we highlight neurophysiological mechanisms, ethical implications and future directions. This interdisciplinary synthesis bridges historical narratives with cutting-edge neuroscience, providing a critical perspective on the neural correlates of consciousness and the ethical boundaries between life and death.