BioMed research international · 2026
Influence of Aqueous, Ethanolic, and Hydroethanolic Extraction on Phytochemical Content and Cardiometabolic-Related Bioactivities of Four Cameroonian Spices.
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Nkaleu Ngonganga Kendra Lucrèce, Nouga Bissoue Achille, Omgba Etoundi Blanche Cunégonde, Fogang Mba Aymar Rodrigue, Ali Ahlam, Tolve Roberta, Tchuenbou-Magaia Fideline Laure, Dongho Dongmo Fabrice Fabien
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Cameroonian spices are rich in bioactive phenolics with potential applications in functional foods and nutraceuticals. Yet, the influence of solvent polarity on phytochemical extraction and the resulting multifunctional in vitro activities remains insufficiently characterized. This study compared aqueous, ethanolic, and hydroethanolic extracts of Mondia whitei, Scorodophloeus zenkeri, Syzygium aromaticum, and Xylopia aethiopica, linking solvent-dependent phytochemical profiles to antioxidant, metabolic, and anti-inflammatory activities relevant to cardiometabolic health.
METHODS: Total polyphenols, flavonoids, and condensed tannins were quantified using standard colorimetric assays. Antioxidant capacity was assessed through the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2 '-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Enzyme inhibition was evaluated for α-amylase, α-glucosidase, β-galactosidase, pancreatic lipase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2), and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX). Half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were determined from nonlinear regression of dose-response curves.
RESULTS: Solvent polarity markedly influenced extraction yield and phytochemical composition. Hydroethanolic extraction provided the most balanced recovery of phenolics and consistently enhanced antioxidant, metabolic, and anti-inflammatory responses. Ethanolic extracts of S. zenkeri and M. whitei exhibited high polyphenol content and strong inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase and ACE. S. aromaticum showed broad antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, whereas X. aethiopica displayed moderate but reliable effects across assays. Correlation trends revealed selective associations between specific phytochemical classes and biological endpoints, indicating that bioactivity depends on both phytochemical composition and solvent-driven extraction patterns.
CONCLUSION: Hydroethanolic extraction generally yielded phenolic-rich, multifunctional extracts across the four Cameroonian spices, although solvent performance remained species-dependent. The combined solvent-dependent trends and phytochemical-bioactivity correlations highlight that extraction polarity and phytochemical composition jointly shape the functional signatures of these spices. These findings provide preliminary biochemical indicators of their potential for functional food and phytomedicinal applications. Further work involving comprehensive chemical characterization and validation in cell-based and in vivo models is required to clarify mechanisms of action and support future development pathways.
METHODS: Total polyphenols, flavonoids, and condensed tannins were quantified using standard colorimetric assays. Antioxidant capacity was assessed through the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2 '-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Enzyme inhibition was evaluated for α-amylase, α-glucosidase, β-galactosidase, pancreatic lipase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2), and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX). Half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were determined from nonlinear regression of dose-response curves.
RESULTS: Solvent polarity markedly influenced extraction yield and phytochemical composition. Hydroethanolic extraction provided the most balanced recovery of phenolics and consistently enhanced antioxidant, metabolic, and anti-inflammatory responses. Ethanolic extracts of S. zenkeri and M. whitei exhibited high polyphenol content and strong inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase and ACE. S. aromaticum showed broad antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, whereas X. aethiopica displayed moderate but reliable effects across assays. Correlation trends revealed selective associations between specific phytochemical classes and biological endpoints, indicating that bioactivity depends on both phytochemical composition and solvent-driven extraction patterns.
CONCLUSION: Hydroethanolic extraction generally yielded phenolic-rich, multifunctional extracts across the four Cameroonian spices, although solvent performance remained species-dependent. The combined solvent-dependent trends and phytochemical-bioactivity correlations highlight that extraction polarity and phytochemical composition jointly shape the functional signatures of these spices. These findings provide preliminary biochemical indicators of their potential for functional food and phytomedicinal applications. Further work involving comprehensive chemical characterization and validation in cell-based and in vivo models is required to clarify mechanisms of action and support future development pathways.