Journal of affective disorders · 2025
Sex-specific effect of maternal pre-pregnancy BMI on neuropsychiatric development of offspring.
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Yang Xiaohe, Li Jincheng, Zhu Hanbing, Guan Shengnan, Li Jingyu, Zhang Yiyuan, Zhang Bingqian, Gao Shanshan, Zhao Jialin, Cui Linlin, Chen Zi-Jiang
Аннотация
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Children of overweight and obese mothers had an increased risk of neuropsychiatric problems. It remains unclear if the association varies by child sex. This study aimed to identify the associations between maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and child sex-specific neuropsychiatric development outcomes during childhood. We aimed to examine whether maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was related to offspring's neurodevelopment and explore if associations vary by child sex.
METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study. Overall, 2013 children conceived by assisted reproductive technology (ART) were recruited and divided into four groups categorized by maternal pre-pregnancy BMI. The neuropsychiatric development outcomes were measured using CBCL/4-16 and WISC-IV. Multiple linear regressions were used to evaluate the association between maternal BMI and the Questionnaire score of the offspring.
RESULTS: Compared with those who were conceived by normal BMI mothers, girls born to Underweight mothers have less depression (β [95%CI]: -3.98[-6.99, -0.96], P < 0.01), hyperactivity (β [95%CI]: -3.09[-6.08, -0.10)], P < 0.05), and brutality (β [95%CI]: -2.45[-4.75, -0.16], P < 0.05) problems. Among boys, maternal overweight and obese were associated with increased behavioral problems, including schizoid (obese vs normal: β [95%CI]: 7.60[1.21, 13.98], P < 0.05), depression(β [95%CI]: 7.83[2.22, 13.44], P < 0.01), social problems(β [95%CI]: 8.17[1.57, 14.77], P < 0.05), obsessive-compulsive(β [95%CI]: 7.95[0.45, 15.45], P < 0.05), social withdrawal(β [95%CI]: 5.99[1.02, 10.96], P < 0.05), hyperactivity(β [95%CI]: 12.66[8.06, 17.25], P < 0.01), aggressive behavior(β [95%CI]: 13.28[8.31, 18.26], P < 0.01), rule-breaking behavior(β [95%CI]: 9.26[2.86, 15.66], P < 0.01), and total problems(β [95%CI]: 12.14[7.27, 17.00], P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: Maternal pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity were associated with neurobehavioral problems in boys, while underweight and overweight have protective effects in girls. Future research should examine sex differences and long-term consequences in the offspring born to maternal obesity.
METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study. Overall, 2013 children conceived by assisted reproductive technology (ART) were recruited and divided into four groups categorized by maternal pre-pregnancy BMI. The neuropsychiatric development outcomes were measured using CBCL/4-16 and WISC-IV. Multiple linear regressions were used to evaluate the association between maternal BMI and the Questionnaire score of the offspring.
RESULTS: Compared with those who were conceived by normal BMI mothers, girls born to Underweight mothers have less depression (β [95%CI]: -3.98[-6.99, -0.96], P < 0.01), hyperactivity (β [95%CI]: -3.09[-6.08, -0.10)], P < 0.05), and brutality (β [95%CI]: -2.45[-4.75, -0.16], P < 0.05) problems. Among boys, maternal overweight and obese were associated with increased behavioral problems, including schizoid (obese vs normal: β [95%CI]: 7.60[1.21, 13.98], P < 0.05), depression(β [95%CI]: 7.83[2.22, 13.44], P < 0.01), social problems(β [95%CI]: 8.17[1.57, 14.77], P < 0.05), obsessive-compulsive(β [95%CI]: 7.95[0.45, 15.45], P < 0.05), social withdrawal(β [95%CI]: 5.99[1.02, 10.96], P < 0.05), hyperactivity(β [95%CI]: 12.66[8.06, 17.25], P < 0.01), aggressive behavior(β [95%CI]: 13.28[8.31, 18.26], P < 0.01), rule-breaking behavior(β [95%CI]: 9.26[2.86, 15.66], P < 0.01), and total problems(β [95%CI]: 12.14[7.27, 17.00], P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: Maternal pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity were associated with neurobehavioral problems in boys, while underweight and overweight have protective effects in girls. Future research should examine sex differences and long-term consequences in the offspring born to maternal obesity.