3D printed HAMA/GelMA/lignosulfonate hydrogel integrating oxygen-releasing and antioxidative modules for liver regeneration.

A multifunctional polysaccharide-based hydrogel was developed for liver regeneration by integrating sodium alginate (SA), sodium lignosulfonate (SL), and 3D bioprinting technology. The hydrogel incorporated FH1@SA microspheres and CaO2@ZIF-8@SL nanoparticles to reconstruct the hepatic microenvironment through coordinated oxygen generation, antioxidant activity, and anti-inflammatory modulation. The FH1@SA microspheres enabled sustained release of FH1, facilitating hepatocyte adaptation to hypoxia and promoting functional recovery. Meanwhile, the CaO2@ZIF-8@SL nanoparticles achieved controlled oxygen release and pH-responsive degradation, while the lignosulfonate component scavenged reactive oxygen species and mitigated inflammatory stress. The 3D-printed hydrogel exhibited favorable mechanical strength, injectability, and cytocompatibility, effectively supporting hepatocyte proliferation and tissue regeneration. By simultaneously relieving hypoxia and oxidative stress, this polysaccharide hydrogel provides a synergistic strategy for enhancing hepatic repair, offering a promising platform for bioartificial liver construction and treatment of liver injury.