Choline and Folic Acid in Diets Consumed during Pregnancy Interact to Program Food Intake and Metabolic Regulation of Male Wistar Rat Offspring.

BACKGROUND: North American women consume high folic acid (FA), but most are not meeting the adequate intakes for choline. High-FA gestational diets induce an obesogenic phenotype in rat offspring. It is unclear if imbalances between FA and other methyl-nutrients (i.e., choline) account for these effects.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the interaction of choline and FA in gestational diets on food intake, body weight, one-carbon metabolism, and hypothalamic gene expression in male Wistar rat offspring.

METHODS: Pregnant Wistar rats were fed an AIN-93G diet with recommended choline and FA [RCRF; 1-fold, control] or high (5-fold) FA with choline at 0.5-fold [low choline and high folic acid (LCHF)], 1-fold [recommended choline and high folic acid (RCHF)], or 2.5-fold [high choline and high folic acid (HCHF)]. Male offspring were weaned to an RCRF diet for 20 wk. Food intake, weight gain, plasma energy-regulatory hormones, brain and plasma one-carbon metabolites, and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) in pup hypothalamuses were assessed.

RESULTS: Adult offspring from LCHF and RCHF, but not HCHF, gestational diets had 10% higher food intake and weight gain than controls (P < 0.01). HCHF newborn pups had lower plasma insulin and leptin compared with LCHF and RCHF pups (P < 0.05), respectively. Pup brain choline (P < 0.05) and betaine (P < 0.01) were 22-33% higher in HCHF pups compared with LCHF pups; methionine was ∼23% lower after all high FA diets compared with RCRF (P < 0.01). LCHF adult offspring had lower brain choline (P < 0.05) than all groups and lower plasma 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (P < 0.05) than RCRF and RCHF groups. HCHF adult offspring had lower plasma cystathionine (P < 0.05) than LCHF adult offspring and lower homocysteine (P < 0.01) than RCHF and RCRF adult offspring. RNA-seq identified 144 differentially expressed genes in the hypothalamus of HCHF newborns compared with controls.

CONCLUSIONS: Increased choline in gestational diets modified the programming effects of high FA on long-term food intake regulation, plasma energy-regulatory hormones, one-carbon metabolism, and hypothalamic gene expression in male Wistar rat offspring, emphasizing a need for more attention to the choline and FA balance in maternal diets.