An eco-friendly nanotechnological approach using citrate-coated silver nanoparticles for the control of phytopathogens.

The demand for sustainable agricultural practices has increased the focus on green synthetic methods for nanoparticle production. This study presents the eco-friendly synthesis of citrate-coated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and evaluates their effects on the nematode Meloidogyne incognita and bacteria Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens, as well as their toxicity in human and plant cells. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using Dynamic Light Scattering, Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis, and Transmission Electron Microscopy, revealing predominantly spherical or polyhedral shape, with moderate polydispersity and negative surface charge. Antimicrobial tests showed a significant reduction in bacterial and nematode viability, with scanning electron microscope images confirming substantial damage to the nematode cuticle. AFM analysis demonstrated morphological alterations in bacterial surfaces, and surface roughness decreased drastically. The AgNPs exhibited minimal cytotoxicity in human keratinocytes and plant cells, supporting their potential as a safe, eco-friendly alternative for agricultural pest control. However, further research is needed to assess their long-term ecological impacts and optimize nanoparticle applications in sustainable agriculture.