Ultrasonics sonochemistry · 2026
Ultrasonic-assisted green, eco-friendly, and economical aqueous extraction of Piperine from pepper species: an alternative to replace organic harmful solvents.
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Ahmad Rizwan, Alaswad Deema, Alshehab Ayat Jaffer, Aldholmi Mohammed, Al Sulays Ahad, Al-Sulais Wala'a, Alqathama Aljawharah, Alghorab Fatimah Taiseer, Alibrahim Hawraa Ayesh
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Piperine (PPN), a bioactive alkaloid from pepper species, possesses diverse pharmacological properties; however, its poor aqueous solubility impedes its therapeutic potential. The current study aims to develop a green, cost-effective, and eco-friendly aqueous solute-based extraction method for PPN to replace the organic hazardous solvents.
METHODOLOGY: Fourteen different solutes were selected and evaluated at various concentrations to determine the optimal concentration for an aqueous solute with maximal solubility for PPN. For the extraction of PPN from pepper species, ultrasound-assisted extraction (USE) was used, whereas for quantification, a green UPLCMSMS (ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry) method was developed and validated.
RESULTS: The in-house developed green UPLCMSMS method revealed an accuracy of 95-105 ± 14.24%, r2-0.99, limit of detection (0.07-10.3 ± 3.53 ppb), and limit of quantification (0.2-31.21 ± 10.69 ppb) in the linearity range of 0.01-500 ppb. The aqueous solutes of Pluronic F-68 (PF) and ethyl oleate (EO) exhibited superior solubilizing potential of 4235.33 ppb and 3405.24 ppb for PPN, respectively. This suggests a 7x (PF) and 5x (EO) greater solubility compared to water. The small-scale application of the developed model in real-world samples of pepper species revealed the highest PPN content (147.20 ppb) for P. nigrum (white), followed by black, long, and cubeb species. The statistical models of one-sample and paired samples t-tests exhibited significant differences (P < 0.05) for PPN across the fourteen different solutes and pepper species evaluated.
CONCLUSION: The study presents a novel, green, and cost-effective aqueous-solutes-based extraction method for PPN, offering a sustainable alternative to hazardous organic solvents commonly used in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries.
METHODOLOGY: Fourteen different solutes were selected and evaluated at various concentrations to determine the optimal concentration for an aqueous solute with maximal solubility for PPN. For the extraction of PPN from pepper species, ultrasound-assisted extraction (USE) was used, whereas for quantification, a green UPLCMSMS (ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry) method was developed and validated.
RESULTS: The in-house developed green UPLCMSMS method revealed an accuracy of 95-105 ± 14.24%, r2-0.99, limit of detection (0.07-10.3 ± 3.53 ppb), and limit of quantification (0.2-31.21 ± 10.69 ppb) in the linearity range of 0.01-500 ppb. The aqueous solutes of Pluronic F-68 (PF) and ethyl oleate (EO) exhibited superior solubilizing potential of 4235.33 ppb and 3405.24 ppb for PPN, respectively. This suggests a 7x (PF) and 5x (EO) greater solubility compared to water. The small-scale application of the developed model in real-world samples of pepper species revealed the highest PPN content (147.20 ppb) for P. nigrum (white), followed by black, long, and cubeb species. The statistical models of one-sample and paired samples t-tests exhibited significant differences (P < 0.05) for PPN across the fourteen different solutes and pepper species evaluated.
CONCLUSION: The study presents a novel, green, and cost-effective aqueous-solutes-based extraction method for PPN, offering a sustainable alternative to hazardous organic solvents commonly used in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries.