Comprehensive analysis of southern corn rust (Puccinia polysora): morphology, host interactions, and molecular identification in maize.

Puccinia polysora, the causal agent of southern corn rust (SCR), poses a major threat to maize production, yet comprehensive studies under Indian conditions remain limited. This study provides an integrated analysis of the morphology, infection biology, molecular identity, and associated fungal microbiome of P. polysora. Microscopic investigations using stereoscopic, light, and scanning electron microscopy revealed detailed spore morphology and infection structures, including appressoria formation and intercellular colonization. Notably, hyphal anastomosis was observed, suggesting a potential mechanism for genetic exchange and pathogen adaptability. Molecular identification using basidiomycete-specific ITS primers (ITS1-F and ITS4-B) confirmed pathogen identity, supported by phylogenetic analysis. These findings significantly enhance our understanding of SCR pathogenesis and provide new insights into the biology and adaptability of P. polysora, opening new avenues for research on pathogen evolution and the development of effective strategies for disease management.