Women's and children's exposure to mass disaster and terrorist attacks.

Published documents were used to identify women's and children's exposure experiences following two mass disasters and two terrorist attacks that occurred in the United States. Research reports, clinical needs assessments, and a case study were analyzed to determine the type and severity of women's and children's exposure. Research reports were given priority if pre-event/post-event data were reported, if the study reported was longitudinal in design, and if samples were representative of the populations from which they were drawn. Clinical needs assessments were included because these documents provide evidence of need for services by disaster victims. The case study selected was unique in the literature reviewed. The results showed that both the women's and children's severity of exposure was related to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, separation anxiety, and generalized anxiety. In studies that made gender comparisons, data collected from women and girls showed more negative mental health outcomes than data collected from men and boys. Implications for clinical practice and traumatic event policy are addressed. Longitudinal, prospective studies of potentially traumatic events (PTE) are needed to better understand the longer term plight of children, especially girls.