Advances and Applications in Population Voltage Imaging.

This brief review summarizes the most recent progress in in vivo voltage imaging in the neurosciences, as an extension to the work presented at the voltage imaging session of the 2025 FENS regional meeting in Oslo. First, we outline the latest advances in genetically encoded voltage indicators. Next, we examine technical innovations that have reshaped imaging platforms and lay the groundwork to investigate neural activity in real time across large fields of view and in deep tissue. Finally, we highlight a selection of compelling applications that have emerged over the past 5 years, illustrating how voltage imaging evolved from a proof of concept to being deployed to answer pending neuroscientific questions.