Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus · 2025
Predictors of nonsurgical consecutive exotropia following accommodative esotropia.
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ElHilali Hala, Awadein Ahmed, Radwan Rokaya, Gouda Jylan, Fouad Heba M
Аннотация
PURPOSE: To identify the incidence of and risk factors for development of spontaneous consecutive exotropia during management of fully accommodative esotropia with optical correction.
METHODS: The medical records of patients who presented with an initial diagnosis of fully accommodative esotropia and converted to exotropia during their management were reviewed retrospectively. Patients with a minimum of 3 years' follow-up were included. The following data were extracted from the record: age of onset, refractive error, glasses prescription, angles of deviation, visual acuity, and stereoacuity.
RESULTS: A total of 178 children with fully accommodative esotropia were identified. Mean age of esotropia onset was 2.3 ±1.4 years; of initial glasses prescription, 2.9 ± 1.5 years. We calculated the mean spherical equivalent by averaging the values of both eyes for each patient. Mean spherical equivalent of both eyes was +4.3 ± 1.8 D. The mean follow-up was 6.9 ± 3.7 years. Consecutive exotropia developed in 31 children (17.4%) at a mean of 3.5 ± 3.6 years after prescription of spectacles. Children who developed consecutive exotropia had a higher initial spherical error (P = 0.02), higher initial cylindrical error (P = 0.01), and higher prevalence of neurological problems (P = 0.01) on multivariable analysis. Higher prevalence of amblyopia (P < 0.001) and vertical deviation (P < 0.001) were detected in the spontaneous exodeviation group on univariate analysis only. There was no statistically significant difference between spontaneous exotropia following accommodative esotropia and accommodative esotropia groups as a whole in terms of age of onset, the age of initiation of spectacles, angles of deviation, stereoacuity, or the time of initiation of reduction of hyperopic prescription.
CONCLUSIONS: High hyperopia (≥5 D), high astigmatic errors (≥1.5 D), and presence of neurological problems are risk factors for development of spontaneous exotropia among accommodative esotropia patients. Long-term follow-up is recommended for patients who have identifiable risk factors.
METHODS: The medical records of patients who presented with an initial diagnosis of fully accommodative esotropia and converted to exotropia during their management were reviewed retrospectively. Patients with a minimum of 3 years' follow-up were included. The following data were extracted from the record: age of onset, refractive error, glasses prescription, angles of deviation, visual acuity, and stereoacuity.
RESULTS: A total of 178 children with fully accommodative esotropia were identified. Mean age of esotropia onset was 2.3 ±1.4 years; of initial glasses prescription, 2.9 ± 1.5 years. We calculated the mean spherical equivalent by averaging the values of both eyes for each patient. Mean spherical equivalent of both eyes was +4.3 ± 1.8 D. The mean follow-up was 6.9 ± 3.7 years. Consecutive exotropia developed in 31 children (17.4%) at a mean of 3.5 ± 3.6 years after prescription of spectacles. Children who developed consecutive exotropia had a higher initial spherical error (P = 0.02), higher initial cylindrical error (P = 0.01), and higher prevalence of neurological problems (P = 0.01) on multivariable analysis. Higher prevalence of amblyopia (P < 0.001) and vertical deviation (P < 0.001) were detected in the spontaneous exodeviation group on univariate analysis only. There was no statistically significant difference between spontaneous exotropia following accommodative esotropia and accommodative esotropia groups as a whole in terms of age of onset, the age of initiation of spectacles, angles of deviation, stereoacuity, or the time of initiation of reduction of hyperopic prescription.
CONCLUSIONS: High hyperopia (≥5 D), high astigmatic errors (≥1.5 D), and presence of neurological problems are risk factors for development of spontaneous exotropia among accommodative esotropia patients. Long-term follow-up is recommended for patients who have identifiable risk factors.