Bridging a critical gap in leishmaniasis control: focus on immature sandfly ecology.

Leishmaniasis remains a major public health challenge in many tropical and subtropical regions despite long-standing emphasis on controlling adult sandflies. This commentary highlights an important ecological gap that has received limited attention: the immature stages of sandflies. Unlike mosquitoes, sandflies develop in cryptic terrestrial microhabitats that are rarely detected through routine surveillance. Consequently, most vector control programmes concentrate on suppressing adult populations, while the biological processes that generate new adult vectors remain poorly understood. Recent ecological studies indicate that breeding activity may be spatially structured and biologically detectable. Surveillance approaches that consider oviposition behaviour and breeding ecology may therefore help make vector population dynamics more measurable and support more sustainable, biology-based control strategies.