Pediatric exercise science · 2025
Exploring the Multivariate Association Between Physical Fitness and Cardiometabolic Risk in Children and Adolescents.
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Silveira João Francisco de Castro, Aadland Eivind, Pfeiffer Karin Allor, Borba Schneiders Letícia de, Lima Rodrigo Antunes, Andersen Lars Bo, Reuter Cézane Priscila, Gaya Anelise Reis
Аннотация
PURPOSE: To explore the multivariate pattern associations between physical fitness and adiposity with cardiometabolic risk among children and adolescents.
METHOD: Cross-sectional study including 6405 participants (6-18 y; 3567 females). Waist circumference, sum of 3 skinfolds, and physical fitness measures (abdominal endurance, agility, cardiorespiratory fitness, flexibility, speed, and lower/upper limb power) were assessed. A continuous risk score (cMetS) was calculated as the mean of the z-scores for glucose, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, and triglycerides. Three models were tested using multivariate patterns analysis, of which the following explanatory variables were included: (1) both physical fitness and adiposity measures, (2) only physical fitness, and (3) physical fitness adjusted for adiposity measures. In the latter model, cMetS was also adjusted for adiposity.
RESULTS: Inverse associations with cMetS were found for abdominal endurance, agility, cardiorespiratory fitness, lower limb power, and speed among males; and agility and cardiorespiratory fitness among females; without adjustment for adiposity. When cMetS and physical fitness were adjusted for adiposity, agility (only among males) and cardiorespiratory fitness remained associated with cMetS.
CONCLUSION: The findings highlight the consistent adiposity-independent role of cardiorespiratory fitness as the primary fitness marker associated with cardiometabolic health during childhood and adolescence, alongside evidence linking agility to risk.
METHOD: Cross-sectional study including 6405 participants (6-18 y; 3567 females). Waist circumference, sum of 3 skinfolds, and physical fitness measures (abdominal endurance, agility, cardiorespiratory fitness, flexibility, speed, and lower/upper limb power) were assessed. A continuous risk score (cMetS) was calculated as the mean of the z-scores for glucose, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, and triglycerides. Three models were tested using multivariate patterns analysis, of which the following explanatory variables were included: (1) both physical fitness and adiposity measures, (2) only physical fitness, and (3) physical fitness adjusted for adiposity measures. In the latter model, cMetS was also adjusted for adiposity.
RESULTS: Inverse associations with cMetS were found for abdominal endurance, agility, cardiorespiratory fitness, lower limb power, and speed among males; and agility and cardiorespiratory fitness among females; without adjustment for adiposity. When cMetS and physical fitness were adjusted for adiposity, agility (only among males) and cardiorespiratory fitness remained associated with cMetS.
CONCLUSION: The findings highlight the consistent adiposity-independent role of cardiorespiratory fitness as the primary fitness marker associated with cardiometabolic health during childhood and adolescence, alongside evidence linking agility to risk.