Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH · 2017
Environmental risk modelling and potential sand fly vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Chitral district: a leishmanial focal point of mount Tirich Mir, Pakistan.
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Zaidi Farrah, Fatima Syeda Hira, Jan Tehmina, Fatima Mehreen, Ali Asad, Khisroon Muhammad, Adnan Muhammad, Rasheed Syed Basit
Аннотация
OBJECTIVE: To provide baseline information about suspected vectors and the incidence, distribution and an active zone of transmission for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Chitral, Pakistan, using GIS tools; and to investigate the role of environmental factors in the disease dynamics.
METHOD: Two surveys in 2014 and 2016 as a basis for choropleth and environmental risk mapping.
RESULTS: A total of 769 captured specimens yielded 14 Phlebotomus and six Sergentomyia species including two potential vectors of CL, i.e. Phlebotomus papatasi and Phlebotomus sergenti. P. papatasi (71%) was dominant, followed by P. sergenti (18%). A choropleth map generated in Arcmap 10.1 based on 1560 CL case reports displayed maximum prevalence (0.92-2.5%) in Ayun, Broz, Charun, Chitral 1 and 2 and Darosh 1 and 2 union councils. An environmental risk map constructed by MaxEnt 3.3.3 defined an active zone of transmission based on leishmaniasis occurrence records (n = 315). The analysis of variable contribution in MaxEnt indicates significance of elevation (54.4%), population density (23.3%) and land use/land cover (6.6%) in CL disease dynamics.
CONCLUSION: The probability of CL increases (0.6-1 on logistic scale) in severely deforested areas, in lowland valleys and in regions with high-population density.
METHOD: Two surveys in 2014 and 2016 as a basis for choropleth and environmental risk mapping.
RESULTS: A total of 769 captured specimens yielded 14 Phlebotomus and six Sergentomyia species including two potential vectors of CL, i.e. Phlebotomus papatasi and Phlebotomus sergenti. P. papatasi (71%) was dominant, followed by P. sergenti (18%). A choropleth map generated in Arcmap 10.1 based on 1560 CL case reports displayed maximum prevalence (0.92-2.5%) in Ayun, Broz, Charun, Chitral 1 and 2 and Darosh 1 and 2 union councils. An environmental risk map constructed by MaxEnt 3.3.3 defined an active zone of transmission based on leishmaniasis occurrence records (n = 315). The analysis of variable contribution in MaxEnt indicates significance of elevation (54.4%), population density (23.3%) and land use/land cover (6.6%) in CL disease dynamics.
CONCLUSION: The probability of CL increases (0.6-1 on logistic scale) in severely deforested areas, in lowland valleys and in regions with high-population density.