Comprehensive Morphometric MRI Assessment in Children with Breath-Holding Spells: Integration of Automated (Vol2Brain) and Semi-Automated (3D Slicer) Segmentation Methods.

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate regional anatomical differences in brain volume, surface area, and cortical thickness between children with breath-holding spells (BHSs) and a control group using morphometric MRI analyses.

METHODS

Three-dimensional T1-weighted cranial MRI data from 48 children with BHSs and 50 control children were retrospectively analyzed, yielding volumetric, surface area, and cortical thickness measures for 135 brain regions. All measurements were assessed relative to total intracranial volume (ICV). Group comparisons were performed using analysis of covariance with age, sex, and ICV as covariates, followed by Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate correction (q < 0.05).

RESULTS

The BHS group exhibited reduced bilateral amygdala volumes (left: q = 0.042; right: q = 0.038). Both cortical thickness and volume were reduced in the right anterior insula (thickness: q = 0.046; volume: q = 0.049). In addition, cortical thickness was reduced in the bilateral anterior cingulate cortices (left: p = 0.019, q = 0.045; right: p = 0.017, q = 0.043) as well as in the right medial frontal cortex (p = 0.009, q = 0.036). Subregional cerebellar analysis demonstrated volume reductions in the right lobule VI (q = 0.031), left lobule VIIA (Crus I) (q = 0.043), and vermis IX-X (q = 0.039).

CONCLUSIONS

Detecting measurable morphometric changes in brain regions involved in autonomic and emotional regulation in children with BHSs will contribute to understanding the neurobiological characteristics associated with BHSs.