Mycotoxins and non-communicable diseases: exacerbation and susceptibility.

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi as bio-derived environmental pollutants. They commonly contaminate grains, fruits, and nuts and can enter the human body through the food chain. With the rising prevalence of non-communicable diseases, increasing attention has been paid to the potential links between mycotoxins and chronic conditions; however, systematic reviews on this topic remain limited. This study summarizes current evidence on the role of mycotoxins (e.g., deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, patulin, and citrinin) in the progression of non-communicable diseases, including cancer, metabolic disorders, gastrointestinal diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, behavioral abnormalities, reproductive dysfunction, and thyroid disorders. Existing evidence suggests that mycotoxins may act as environmental triggers for non-communicable diseases, and individuals with such conditions may exhibit increased susceptibility due to factors such as impaired gut barrier function and metabolic dysregulation. Given the complexity of these interactions, further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and to establish targeted dietary safety thresholds for vulnerable populations.