Extracellular signal-regulated kinase and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/AKT signalling pathways in the human carotid body and peripheral ganglia.

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signalling pathways are involved in various cell functions, but their developmental regulation in the carotid body and peripheral ganglia has not yet been fully investigated. ERK and AKT immunolocalisation and activation were studied by anti-ERK, -pERK, -AKT and -pAKT immunohistochemistry in carotid bodies and peripheral (sympathetic and sensory) ganglia, sampled at autopsy from 4 foetuses (mean gestational age 177 days), 8 infants (mean age 10 months), 8 young adults (mean age 38 years) and 6 aged adults (mean age 72.4 years). ERK and AKT immunopositivity and activation were demonstrated in both glomic type I cells and peripheral ganglionic cells and are ascribed to local action by neuromodulators or neurotrophic factors. Mean percentages of ERK- and pERK-immunopositive glomic type I cells were lower in foetuses than in infants and young adults, and those of AKT-immunopositive glomic type I cells were lower in foetuses than in young and old adults, suggesting incomplete maturation of these two signalling pathways in foetal life. Both pERK and pAKT immunoreactions were detected only in post-natal sympathetic and sensory ganglia, demonstrating that, also in peripheral ganglia, these pathways are not yet fully operative during the foetal stage.