Metabolic complications of parenteral nutrition in infants and children.

Metabolic complications of TPN in infants and children are numerous and frequent. Properly designed nutrient solutions, careful monitoring, knowledge of potential problems, and appropriate management are essential to avoid serious complications. Hepatic dysfunction is most likely to prevent achievement of adequate nutrient intake. Better delineation of trace metal, essential fatty acid, and vitamin deficiencies is necessary, particularly in patients who require long-term TPN.