Invasive Pulmonary Fungal Infections in Cystic Fibrosis.

Invasive pulmonary mycosis is after allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) a frequent and severe complication of CF lung disease. Among CF caregivers, there is an insecurity when and how to treat infections of the lung parenchyma caused by different fungi in patients with CF. This case series provides a multicenter experience on diagnostic, manifestation, and treatment of non-ABPA cases of pulmonary. Non-ABPA cases of pulmonary mycoses in patients with CF have been collected from the CF Centers in Berlin, Essen, Worms, Frankfurt (Germany), Leeds (UK), and Barcelona (Spain). Non-ABPA was defined as total serum IgE level <500 kU/L. Scedosporium and Lomentospora species seem to be more virulent in patients with CF and have been successfully treated with triple antifungal drug regimens in several cases. Rare fungi including yeasts can have pathogenic potential in CF. In this series, antibiotic treatment failure was the main indicator for the initiation of antifungal treatment. For an early and effective treatment of pulmonary mycoses in CF, the identification of biomarkers and of risk factors beyond antibiotic treatment failure is crucial and urgently needed. Furthermore, treatment efficacy studies are necessary for the different causative agents of these infections.