Pest management science · 2025
Sodium alginate enhances defense responses of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus by regulating chs genes and flavonoid metabolites.
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Zhang Jiawei, Wang Qianwen, Wang Bin, Chen Qiaoli, Hu Xiaohang
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica is a naturally susceptible host for the pine wood nematodes (PWNs, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) and a dominant afforestation tree species in northeastern China. With the continuous northward expansion of PWNs, P. sylvestris var. mongolica may become a critical conduit for their further expansion. To prevent pine wilt disease (PWD) from spreading via P. sylvestris var. mongolica in northeastern China, it is essential to elucidate its defense mechanisms against PWN and enhance its resistance.
RESULTS: Transcriptome analysis of P. sylvestris var. mongolica following inoculation with PWNs revealed the involvement of chalcone synthase (chs) genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, indicating their crucial role in the interaction between P. sylvestris var. mongolica and PWN. Treatment with elicitors known to induce chs gene expression-chitosan (CTS), chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), and sodium alginate (NaAlg)-delayed the progression of PWD, with NaAlg exhibiting the strongest protective effect. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) enriched in the pathways related to flavonoid biosynthesis were observed following treatment with 100 mg/L NaAlg, and upregulated expressions of chs genes. This treatment also increased the abundance of key flavonoid pathway metabolites, including phloretin, chrysoeriol, and L-tyrosine. However, inoculation with PWN following 100 mg/L NaAlg treatment downregulated expressions of chs genes and consumed phloretin, chrysoeriol, and L-tyrosine, while promoting the accumulation of p-coumaryl alcohol.
CONCLUSIONS: The expression of chs genes plays a critical role in the defense of P. sylvestris var. mongolica against PWN infection. Spraying 100 mg/L NaAlg solution before PWN infection activates chs genes in P. sylvestris var. mongolica, regulating the levels of L-tyrosine, phloretin, chrysoeriol, and p-coumaryl alcohol to enhance self-resistance against PWN, thereby delaying the progression of PWD in P. sylvestris var. mongolica. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.
RESULTS: Transcriptome analysis of P. sylvestris var. mongolica following inoculation with PWNs revealed the involvement of chalcone synthase (chs) genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, indicating their crucial role in the interaction between P. sylvestris var. mongolica and PWN. Treatment with elicitors known to induce chs gene expression-chitosan (CTS), chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), and sodium alginate (NaAlg)-delayed the progression of PWD, with NaAlg exhibiting the strongest protective effect. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) enriched in the pathways related to flavonoid biosynthesis were observed following treatment with 100 mg/L NaAlg, and upregulated expressions of chs genes. This treatment also increased the abundance of key flavonoid pathway metabolites, including phloretin, chrysoeriol, and L-tyrosine. However, inoculation with PWN following 100 mg/L NaAlg treatment downregulated expressions of chs genes and consumed phloretin, chrysoeriol, and L-tyrosine, while promoting the accumulation of p-coumaryl alcohol.
CONCLUSIONS: The expression of chs genes plays a critical role in the defense of P. sylvestris var. mongolica against PWN infection. Spraying 100 mg/L NaAlg solution before PWN infection activates chs genes in P. sylvestris var. mongolica, regulating the levels of L-tyrosine, phloretin, chrysoeriol, and p-coumaryl alcohol to enhance self-resistance against PWN, thereby delaying the progression of PWD in P. sylvestris var. mongolica. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.