Evaluation of the Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, and Antibacterial Activity of Curcuma domestica, Zingiber officinale, Alpinia galanga, Curcuma xanthorrhiza, and Kaempferia galanga Concurrent With Its Metabolite's Constituent Analysis.

Herbs belonging to the Zingiberaceae family are frequently utilized in traditional medicine. Nevertheless, there has yet to be a study that thoroughly examines the biological properties of Zingiberaceae rhizomes while also conducting a chemometric analysis of their metabolic components. The present study explored the total phenolic content, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antibacterial activity of Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Zingiber officinale, Alpinia galanga, Kaempferia galanga, and Curcuma domestica concurrent with chemometric analysis of their metabolic components. The highest antioxidant activity measured using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl) assay was found in Z. officinale extract (IC50 = 14.93 µg/mL), followed by C. domestica extract (IC50 = 35.56 µg/mL). Moreover, all samples demonstrated in vitro antidiabetic activity by inhibiting α-glucosidase, with C. domestica showing the highest activity (98.42%), followed by K. galanga (86.13%), A. galanga (85.04%), Z. officinale (74.76%), and C. xanthorrhiza (43.74%). All extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with C. domestica and C. xanthorrhiza extracts being the most active extracts at a concentration of 5 mg/mL. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra supported the presence of phenolic compounds in all extracts. In addition, liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analysis revealed various compounds in the extracts, including phenolic compounds, flavonoids, aldehyde, fatty amide, amino acid, fatty acid, ketone, purine derivative, and glycosides. Partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) successfully discriminated C. xanthorrhiza, Z. officinale, A. galanga, K. galanga, and C. domestica extracts based on their different metabolite composition. This study revealed the potency of C. xanthorrhiza, Z. officinale, A. galanga, K. galanga, and C. domestica as natural sources packed with antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antibacterial benefits in functional food and pharmaceutical products.