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Prevalence and predictors of tuberculosis coinfection among HIV-seropositive patients attending the Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, northern Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: The HIV/AIDS epidemic has been accompanied by a severe epidemic of tuberculosis (TB), although the prevalence of coinfection is largely unknown, especially in developing countries, including Nigeria. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and predictors of TB coinfection among HIV-seropositive Nigerians. METHODS: The case files of HIV/AIDS patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria from January to December 2006 were reviewed. RESULTS: A total of 1320 HIV/AIDS patients had complete records and were reviewed, among which 138 (10.5%) were coinfected with…

The impact of hepatitis C virus coinfection on HIV-related kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: In the era of antiretroviral therapy, non-AIDS complications such as kidney disease are important contributors to morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the impact of hepatitis C coinfection on the risk of kidney disease in HIV patients. DESIGN AND METHODS: Two investigators identified English-language citations in MEDLINE and Web of Science from 1989 through 1 July 2007. References of selected articles were reviewed. Observational studies and clinical trials of HIV-related kidney disease and antiretroviral nephrotoxicity were eligible if they included at least 50 subjec…

Acute hepatitis with severe cholestasis and prolonged clinical course due to hepatitis A virus Ia and Ib coinfection.

BACKGROUND: Acute viral hepatitis due to hepatitis A virus is a self-limited illness that infrequently has a severe clinical course. METHODS: We analyzed the virological characteristics of acute hepatitis A in a patient with a severe clinical presentation (peak total and conjugated bilirubin levels, 65.5 mg/dL and 40.1 mg/dL, respectively) and a course of disease that lasted 7 months. RESULTS: Hepatitis A virus sequencing revealed coinfection with 2 subgenotypes of hepatitis A virus (Ia and Ib) as etiological factors of the illness. CONCLUSIONS: Hepatitis A virus Ia and Ib coinfection may h…

Antiretroviral therapy in chronic liver disease: focus on HIV/HCV coinfection--statements of the First Italian Consensus Workshop.

Hepatitis C virus common transmission routes and HCV coinfection is frequent in persons living with HIV. Liver enzyme elevation following the initiation of antiretroviral therapy is frequently seen in HIV-infected patients with chronic liver disease, particularly those with chronic hepatitis C. This complication may lead to treatment discontinuation, complicating HIV therapeutic management. Multiple factors influence the risk of liver toxicity under antiretroviral therapy, including the specific drug in use (e.g. use of full doses of ritonavir), and environmental factors (e.g. alcohol abuse). …

Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae prevalence and coinfection in adolescents entering selected US juvenile detention centers, 1997-2002.

BACKGROUND: Juvenile detention centers offer public health practitioners an opportunity to gain access to large numbers of adolescents at risk for chlamydia and gonorrhea. GOAL: To describe the prevalence and coinfection of chlamydia and gonorrhea among adolescents in 14 US juvenile detention centers from 1997 to 2002. STUDY: We calculated the prevalence of chlamydia and gonorrhea in males and females, stratified by race/ethnicity, age group, and site. We also calculated the proportion of adolescents with chlamydia that were coinfected with gonorrhea and the proportion of those with gonorrhe…

Isotype-specific anti-38 and 27 kDa (mpt 51) response in pulmonary tuberculosis with human immunodeficiency virus coinfection.

There is a need for rapid diagnostic methods to identify tuberculosis among human immunodeficiency virus-positive cases (HIV-TB). This study evaluated the serodiagnostic potential of the native 38 kDa and recombinant 27 kDa (mpt 51) antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis purified in the laboratory, when applied to HIV-TB patients. The antibody response was studied using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). In the HIV-TB group, anti-38 kDa antibody of the immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgA and IgM isotypes was found in 38%, 43% and 7%, of patients, respectively. Antibodies to the 27 kDa antigen

American cutaneous leishmaniasis, lepromatous leprosy, and pulmonary tuberculosis coinfection with downregulation of the T-helper 1 cell response.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis, leprosy, and tuberculosis are caused by intracellular pathogens whose development depends on impaired cell-mediated immunity. We report an exceptional triple association of American cutaneous leishmaniasis, lepromatous leprosy, and pulmonary tuberculosis in a man with no recognized immunodeficiency. Normal immunological assessment of the interferon-gamma pathway does not support the hypothesis of a genetic defect in any of the genes involved in the T helper (Th)-1 cytokine cascade in this patient. Unresponsiveness to interleukin (IL)-12 of his T cells after stimulation

Overt and hidden coinfection with hepatitis B and C viruses in chronic liver disease and porphyria cutanea tarda.

The aim of this study was to assess the rate of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection ("the coinfection") in chronic liver disease (CLD) and to reveal overt and hidden HBV infection in patients with antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV). A total of 209 untreated patients (64 with chronic hepatitis B, 79 with chronic hepatitis C and 66 with porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT)) were screened for serological markers of HBV and HCV infection in serum by third generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods and for HBV DNA and HCV RNA in serum by polymerase chain reaction (P…

Abrogation of anti-Pichinde virus cytotoxic T cell memory by cyclophosphamide and restoration by coinfection or interleukin 2.

Previously, we demonstrated that memory cell-mediated immune responses can be generated in Pichinde virus (PV)-primed mice after secondary c … d Tacaribe virus. Secondary infection with LCMV or Tacaribe virus alone did not elicit anti-PV CTL. Coinfection resulted in the generation of a PV-specific memory CTL response as judged by maximal activity on day 4 after rechallenge. Co-infection with PV and vesicular stomatitis virus, an unrelated rhabdovirus, did not efficiently restore memory anti-PV CTL r …

Laboratory characteristics and immune-inflammatory profiles of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and respiratory syncytial virus coinfection in children: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are major causes of pediatric pneumonia, and coinfection is increasingly recognized. However, the integrated laboratory characteristics and underlying host immune-inflammatory response patterns in children with MP + RSV coinfection remain unclear. METHODS: In this retrospective study, children with MP infection, RSV infection, and MP + RSV coinfection were analyzed. Hematological and biochemical parameters were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's post hoc analysis. Multivariate analysis (MANOVA, PCA), …

Prevalence and biomarker profiles of HBV/HDV coinfection and occult HBV infection among patients attending Bimbilla Hospital, Northern Ghana.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Coinfection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) with hepatitis D virus (HDV) may exacerbate liver injury, particularly in resource-limited settings. In Ghana, data on HDV and OBI prevalence, as well as their hepatic impact, remain sparse. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of HDV and OBI using real-time PCR and evaluate their effects on liver-related biomarkers in patients at Bimbila Hospital, Northern Ghana. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study at Bimbilla Hospital, Northern Ghana, between May and December 2024, recruiting 60 consented patients with Hepatitis B S…

Coinfection meningitis caused by Lysinibacillus sphaericus and Brevundimonas diminuta in a pediatric patient with cerebral atrophy: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Intracranial infections caused by rare environmental pathogens pose diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. This report presents the first documented case of meningitis caused by coinfection with Lysinibacillus sphaericus and Brevundimonas diminuta. CASE PRESENTATION: A 10-year-old Han Chinese, nonverbal male with cerebral atrophy developed fever and vomiting following Ommaya pump implantation. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture and preliminary matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) suggested coinfection with L. sphaericus and B. …

Role of TNF-α genetic variants in coinfection with Helicobacter pylori and the Entamoeba complex: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori and Entamoeba histolytica are among the most common gastrointestinal pathogens worldwide, particularly in developing countries where sanitation conditions favor transmission. Co-infection by these organisms may influence disease manifestation and host immune response. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and molecular characterization of Entamoeba species and Helicobacter pylori among patients with gastrointestinal symptoms attending Kasr El-Aini hospital. It also investigated the association of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) gene polymorphisms at p

Necrotic Hepatitis Associated with Phasianus Chaphamaparvovirus 1 and Coccidiosis Coinfection in Pheasant Chicks (Phasianus colchicus) in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Phasianus chaphamaparvovirus 1 is a newly recognized pathogen associated with high mortality in young pheasant chicks with significant losses for pheasant breeders. Here we present an outbreak of necrotizing hepatitis with high mortality in a flock of young pheasant chicks in Bosnia and Herzegovina associated with Phasianus chaphamaparvovirus 1 and coccidiosis coinfection. Severe necrotizing hepatitis with characteristic intranuclear inclusion bodies in affected hepatocytes was observed on microscopic examination. In addition, multifocal areas of intestinal mucosal necrosis with numerous devel…

Человеческие дермальные фибробалластные факторы, полученные в результате последовательной DENV-2 и ZIKV дендритического созревания клеток и антивирусной реакции.

Вирус Денге (DENV) и вирус Зика (ZIKV) относятся к числу наиболее распространенных вирусов, передающихся через комары во всем мире. Эти вирусы объединяются в одном и том же географическом регионе и имеют одни и те же переносчики комаров, что позволяет одновременно или последовательно передавать их людям в течение короткого периода времени. На ранней стадии заражения арбовирусом клетки с кожей представляют собой первую линию защиты после вирусной прививки, однако иммунологические явления в кожной микроокружающей среде во время ранней конфекции DENV-ZIKV не вполне понятны. Цель этого исследовани

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Dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) are among the most prevalent mosquito-borne viruses worldwide. These viruses co-circulate in the s … viral inoculation, yet the immunological events in the skin microenvironment during early DENV-ZIKV coinfection are not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the response of primary human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) to DENV-ZIKV coinfection and to determine how these responses influence bystander immune cells within an in vitro. We demonstrated that …

Epidemiology, bacterial coinfection risk factors, and inflammatory markers in children with RSV, AdV, and hMPV pneumonia in Zunyi, China.

BACKGROUND: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a major cause of illness and death in children under five worldwide. This study characterized the epidemiology of Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus (AdV), and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) associated CAP in Zunyi children and identified bacterial co-infection risk factors to provide a scientific basis for individualized pediatric CAP management in this region. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of clinical data from 2,315 children with CAP admitted to Zunyi First People's Hospital (Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical Universit

A Rare Case of Sacrococcygeal Pilonidal Abscess Caused by Coinfection of Actinomyces Turicensis and Actinotignum Schaalii: A Case Report.

Sacrococcygeal pilonidal abscesses are typically caused by anaerobic and Gram-negative bacteria due to their anatomical proximity to the anus; however, mixed infections involving Actinomyces and Actinotignum species are exceptionally rare, and to our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a sacrococcygeal pilonidal abscesses caused by Actinomyces turicensis and Actinotignum schaalii. The patient, an 18-year-old female, presented with one week of localized pain, redness, and swelling, which failed to respond to conventional antibiotics. Pelvic CT revealed an abscess, prompting surgical d

Assessing Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 Coinfection in Brazil: A Comprehensive Study of Patient Outcomes From 2020 to 2023.

Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 are major respiratory pathogens that have impacted global health, sharing similar transmission routes and clinical symptoms. The COVID-19 pandemic brought attention to coinfection with these viruses, which has been associated with worse clinical outcomes, but the full extent of this impact remains underexplored. As both viruses circulate together during seasonal outbreaks, understanding their coinfection dynamics is crucial for public health response. This retrospective observational study analyzed data from over 30 000 hospitalized patients sourced from the Brazilian …

Malaria and Typhoid Fever Coinfection Among Febrile Patients Attending a Health Facility in Yaoundé, Cameroon: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Malaria and typhoid fever are significant public health challenges in tropical regions, with Cameroon serving as a notable example of their endemicity. This study is aimed at determining the prevalence of malaria, typhoid fever, and their coinfection and assessing associated risk factors among febrile patients attending a tertiary hospital. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was conducted between June and August 2023 at the Etoug-Ebe Baptist Hospital in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Two hundred and eighty-eight febrile patients aged over 2 years, suspected of having malaria and/or typhoid …

Right atrial thrombus and pulmonary embolism in a young adult with COVID‑19 and tuberculosis coinfection: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been linked to thromboembolic complications, especially in severely ill patients. Intracardiac thrombi are uncommon and pose a very high risk. Coinfection with tuberculosis (TB) may worsen the prothrombotic state and complicate treatment. A 21-year-old male patient from Afghanistan developed active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and COVID-19. He had a large, mobile thrombus in the right atrium and an acute pulmonary embolism (PE), but no deep vein thrombosis (DVT). He received remdesivir, anti-TB medication, anticoagulation, and underwent a succ…