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Exotic viral hepatitis: A review on epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment.

Certain "exotic" viruses are known to cause clinical diseases with potential liver involvement. These include viruses, beyond regular hepatotropic viruses (hepatitis A, -B(D), -C, -E, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus), that can be found in (sub)tropical areas and can cause "exotic viral hepatitis". Transmission routes typically involve arthropods (Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever, dengue, Rift Valley fever, yellow fever). However, some of these viruses are transmitted by the aerosolised excreta of rodents (Hantavirus, Lassa fever), or via direct contact or contact with bodily fluids (Ebola)…

Немалярийная этиология острых фебрильных эпизодов у детей, посещающих пять медицинских учреждений в Мванзе, Танзания, 2020-2021 годы.

Острая желудочное заболевание (АФИ) является общей причиной посещения детских больниц в развивающихся странах. Определение широкого круга патогенов, которые могут вызвать лихорадку, имеет решающее значение для совершенствования управления АФИ, предотвращения ненужных рецептов и руководства мероприятиями в области общественного здравоохранения. В период с марта 2020 года по декабрь 2021 года 436 детей в Мванзе, Танзания, были зачислены в школу с острой лихорадкой продолжительностью менее 7 дней. Были проведены МРТТ и микроскопия, экспресс-антиген НСИ, серология денге, серология чикунгуньи, моче

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Acute febrile illness (AFI) is a common cause of pediatric hospital visits in developing countries. Identifying the broad range of pathogens … so performed for malaria, dengue virus type 1-4, Zika virus, chikungunya virus, yellow fever virus, Rift Valley fever virus, and West Nile virus. Nasopharyngeal swabs obtained from 77 children were used to identify respiratory pathogens using a multiplex PCR panel. Bacteria or viruses in the bloodstream, urinary and upper respiratory tracts were identified in 26/43 …

Пространственное распределение моделей Stegomyia aegypti и Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae) в провинции Аль-Баха, Королевство Саудовская Аравия.

Геморрагическая лихорадка денге и лихорадка Рифт-Вэлли являются наиболее серьезными заболеваниями, передаваемыми через комары в Королевстве Саудовская Аравия. Характерные требования, предъявляемые к местообитаниям Stegomyia aegypti и Culex tritaeniorhynchus, — два переносчика комаров будут способствовать выявлению районов «высокого риска» в процессе их развития. Моделирование распределения видов было оценено с использованием программного обеспечения " MaxEnt " в сочетании с географическими информационными системами (ГИС) для прогнозирования подходящих местообитаний личинок для этих д

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Dengue hemorrhagic fever and Rift Valley fever are the most important mosquitoborne diseases in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The characteristic habitat requirements of Stegomyia aegypti and Culex tritaeniorhynchus, the two mosquito vectors will help in the identification of "high risk" areas in their development. Species distribution modelling was assessed b…

The role of heterogeneity on the invasion probability of mosquito-borne diseases in multi-host models.

Heterogeneity in transmission and stochastic events can play a significant role in shaping the epidemic dynamics of vector-borne infections, … ufficiently high. Our findings suggest that, for multi-species infections (e.g. West Nile fever and Rift Valley fever) or for single-species infections with patchy host distribution, the introduction of primary infected vectors may represent a higher risk for major outbreaks occurrence than introductions of infected hosts.

Emergent infectious uveitis.

Infectious causes should always be considered in all patients with uveitis and it should be ruled out first. The differential diagnosis incl … ctious diseases relevant to the ophthalmologist including Rickettsioses, West Nile virus infection, Rift valley fever, dengue fever, and chikungunya. Retinitis, chorioretinitis, retinal vasculitis, and optic nerve involvement have been associated with these emergent infectious diseases. The diagnosis of any of these infections is usually based on pattern of uveitis …

Novel 3-sulphonamido-quinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives: microwave-assisted synthesis and evaluation of antiviral activities against respiratory and biodefense viruses.

We designed and synthesized novel 2,3-disubstituted quinazolin-4(3H)-ones by microwave technique and characterized them by spectral analysis. Synthesized compounds were screened for cytotoxicity and for antiviral activity against influenza A (H1N1, H3N2 and H5N1), severe acute respiratory syndrome corona, dengue, yellow fever, Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE), Rift Valley fever, and Tacaribe viruses in cell culture. A neutral red uptake assay was used to determine 50% virus-inhibitory concentrations (EC50) of test compounds and their 50% cytotoxicity concentration (CC50) in uninfected Madi…

Haemorrhagic fever virus activity in equatorial Africa: distribution and prevalence of filovirus reactive antibody in the Central African Republic.

Seroepidemiological surveys were conducted to determine the frequency and distribution of haemorrhagic fever virus (HFV) activity in the Central African Republic. Human serum specimens (4295) were collected from 5 ecologically distinct zones. Serological evidence of HFV activity was found in all the zones. The filovirus antibody prevalence (24.4%, 1051/4295) was greater than the combined prevalence for Lassa virus, Rift Valley fever virus and Crimean-Congo HFV antibody (1.1%, 45/4295; P < 0.01). Evidence of filovirus activity was found in all zones: 21.3% (914/4295) of the population were sero…

Targeting Polyamine Metabolism for Control of Human Viral Diseases.

A virus is an infectious particle which generally contains nucleic acid genome (DNA or RNA inside a protein shell), except for human immunod … virus 1 (HSV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), Rabies virus (RABV), Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), La Crosse virus (LACV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Middle East respiratory syndrome virus (MERS-CoV), and coronavirus disease 2019 (SARS-CoV-2). This review revealed that targeting polyamine metabolic pathways may be a potenti …

Antiviral Immunity and Virus-Mediated Antagonism in Disease Vector Mosquitoes.

More than 100 pathogens, spanning multiple virus families, broadly termed 'arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses)' have been associated with … V 1-4), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), yellow fever virus (YFV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV). Interactions between arboviruses and the immune pathways of vertebrate hosts have been extensively reviewed. In this review we focus on the antiviral immune pathways present in mosquitoes. We also discuss mechanisms by which mosquito-b …

Immuno-chromatographic wicking assay for the rapid detection of dengue viral antigens in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae).

There is a threat for dengue virus (DENV) reemergence in many regions of the world, particularly in areas where the DENV vectors, Aedes aegy … ic and did not cross-react with samples spiked with West Nile, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, Rift Valley fever, chikungunya, Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, Ross River, LaCrosse, or Caraparu viruses. The DENV assay can provide real-time critical information on the presence of DENV in mosquitoes to public health personnel. Results from this assay will al …

Ocular manifestations of emerging infectious diseases.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Emergent and resurgent infectious diseases are major causes of systemic morbidity and death that are expanding worldwide … association with specific arthropod vector-borne diseases including rickettsioses, West Nile virus, Rift Valley fever, Dengue fever, and Chikungunya. Influenza A (H1N1) virus has also been recently associated with ocular involvement. On the contrary, with advances in laboratory testing applied to ocular fluids, new infectious agents, mainly viruses, are increasingl …

Apoptosis of hepatocytes caused by Punta Toro virus (Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus) and its implication for Phlebovirus pathogenesis.

Experimental infection of hamsters with Punta Toro virus (PTV) produces a disease with clinical and pathological similarities to the severe human hemorrhagic fever caused by Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), thus providing an animal model for RVFV pathogenesis. In this model, hepatocytic apoptosis is the main pathological component of liver injuries that are responsible for severe hemorrhagic manifestations. To further elucidate whether viral replication in hepatocytes directly causes apoptosis, we studied the morphological and biochemical changes of apoptosis in HepG2 cells at different time po…

Sero-prevalences of selected cattle diseases in the Kafue flats of Zambia.

Sera from five traditionally managed herds grazing in the Kafue flats were tested for antibodies to bovine viral diarrhoea-mucosal disease (BVD-MD), parainfluenza 3 (PI3), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis-infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IBR-IPV), bovine adenovirus 3 (BAV3) and Bluetongue (BT). The sero-prevalences of the first four diseases were respectively 76.2, 94.4, 42.1 and 87.4%. Five samples (2.3%) gave doubtful reactions for BT. Prevalences of 28.5% for brucellosis, 14% for Rift Valley fever (RFV), 0.9% for Q fever and 11.2% for chlamydiosis were also recorded. Significantly highe…

JAK inhibitors remove innate immune barriers facilitating viral propagation.

Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors are small-molecule therapeutics that reduce inflammation in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases by modulating the JAK-STAT pathway. While effective in alleviating immune-mediated conditions, JAK inhibitors can impair antiviral defences by suppressing interferon (IFN) responses, potentially increasing susceptibility to viral infections. This study investigates the pro-viral mechanism of JAK inhibitors, focusing on baricitinib, across various cell lines, organoids, and viral strains, including a recombinant Rift Valley fever virus, influenza A virus, SARS-CoV-2, an…

Multifaceted Functions of CH25H and 25HC to Modulate the Lipid Metabolism, Immune Responses, and Broadly Antiviral Activities.

With the frequent outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases in recent years, an effective broad-spectrum antiviral drug is becoming an urgen … thogenic viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Ebola virus (EBOV), Nipah virus (NiV), Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), and Zika virus (ZIKV). The underlying mechanisms for its antiviral activities are being extensively investigated but have not yet been fully clarified. In this study, we summarized the current findings on how CH25H and 25HC play multip …

Stem-loop recognition by DDX17 facilitates miRNA processing and antiviral defense.

DEAD-box helicases play essential roles in RNA metabolism across species, but emerging data suggest that they have additional functions in immunity. Through RNAi screening, we identify an evolutionarily conserved and interferon-independent role for the DEAD-box helicase DDX17 in restricting Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), a mosquito-transmitted virus in the bunyavirus family that causes severe morbidity and mortality in humans and livestock. Loss of Drosophila DDX17 (Rm62) in cells and flies enhanced RVFV infection. Similarly, depletion of DDX17 but not the related helicase DDX5 increased RVFV…

SAR analysis of a series of acylthiourea derivatives possessing broad-spectrum antiviral activity.

A series of acylthiourea derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for broad-spectrum antiviral activity with selected viruses from Poxviridae (vaccinia virus) and two different genera of the family Bunyaviridae (Rift Valley fever and La Crosse viruses). A compound selected from a library screen, compound 1, displayed submicromolar antiviral activity against both vaccinia virus (EC(50)=0.25 μM) and La Crosse virus (EC(50)=0.27 μM) in cytopathic effect (CPE) assays. SAR analysis was performed to further improve antiviral potency and to optimize drug-like properties of the initial hi…

Serosurvey for selected viral agents in white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) in Kruger National Park, 2007.

One hundred serum samples collected from free-ranging white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) in Kruger National Park (KNP) during the 2007 capture season were selected for measurement of antibody levels to several different vector-borne viral agents. These infectious diseases were chosen to compare with an earlier serosurvey that had been conducted in KNP in rhinos during 1987-1997. Positive antibody titers were found against epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) of deer (8%), Bluetongue (BT) (1%), and Rift Valley fever (RVF) (49%). However, none of the 100 animals tested had detected antibody l…

Serosurvey for selected infectious disease agents in free-ranging black and white rhinoceros in Africa.

Two hundred and eighty one serum samples collected from free-ranging black (Diceros bicornis) and white (Ceratotherium simum) rhinoceros, in … nd four serovars of Leptospira interrogans, (ranging 1.2 to 8.8%). No antibody was detected against Rift Valley fever virus, encephalomyocarditis virus, Brucella abortus, and Trypanosoma equiperdum. Interspecies differences were detected for African horse sickness, epizootic haemorrhagic disease of deer and parainfluenza type 3 viruses. There appeared to be some ge …